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Ostroumov S.A. 2016. Toxicity Testing of Chemicals without Use of Animals. - Russian Journal of General Chemistry, Vol. 86, No. 13, p. 2933-2941. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316990949; ISSN 1070-3632, Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2016, Vol. 86, No. 13, pp. 2933–2941. [Original Russian Text © S.A. Ostroumov, 2016, published in Ekologicheskaya Khimiya, 2016, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 5–15]. Toxicity Testing of Chemicals without Use of Animals; S. A. Ostroumov; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia; Received October 8, 2015; Abstract—A series of publications on the studies of phytotoxicity of chemicals (pollutants, ecotoxicants), carried out by the author and his research group, have been reviewed. Tests (bioassays) based on experiments with many higher plant species, both terrestrial and aquatic ones (macrophytes), were used in these studies. Among the chemicals tested there were various organic (synthetic detergents, surfactants, and pesticides) and some inorganic (e.g., metal oxide nanoparticles) compounds. New methods for bioassay using plant species never used before have been developed by the author. New facts of phytotoxicity of a synthetic detergent have been discovered and reported. Specifically, an aqueous solution of liquid detergent Frosch (Werner & Mertz, FRG) at a concentration of 0.25 mL/L (and higher concentrations) inhibited the elongation rate of seedlings of Lens culinaris higher plant species. Also, phytotoxicity of synthetic cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethyl- ammonium bromide has been reported for the first time. This surfactant at a concentration of 4 mg/L inhibited the elongation of Lens culinaris plant seedlings. The phytotesting methods contribute to the development of alternative approaches to studying the toxicity of chemicals through non-animal testing. Keywords: phytotoxicity, biotest, phytotest, alternative methods, non-animal testing, toxicity, hazard assessment, bioassay, plant seedlings, detergent, cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, Lens culinaris; DOI: 10.1134/S1070363216130028; COMMENT OF THIS REVIEW PAPER: This is the first contemporary review of methods and applications relevant to non-animal research of toxicity of chemicals and pollutants. The first review on using higher plants for assessment of toxicity of chemicals (phytotests, phytotesting, phytotoxicity of man-made chemicals). The first review of the series of the author's publication on this topic, namely, the review of the series of publications on the studies of phytotoxicity of chemicals (chemical pollutants, ecotoxicants), carried out by the author and his research group. The paper was published in two languages: in English and in Russian. The reference to the Russian version of this publication: С. А. Остроумов. ТЕСТИРОВАНИЕ ТОКСИЧНОСТИ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ БЕЗ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ. Экологическая химия. 2016, 25(1); 5–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295079867; Main keywords: non-animal research, assessment of toxicity of chemicals, chemical pollutants, phytotest, phytotoxicity, plant seedlings, synthetic surfactants, detergents, environmental toxicology,
С. А. Остроумов. ТЕСТИРОВАНИЕ ТОКСИЧНОСТИ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ БЕЗ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ. Экологическая химия. 2016, 25(1); 5–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295079867; Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, Москва, 119901, Россия. Поступило в редакцию 8 октября 2015 г. Обзор серии статей по фитотоксичности химических веществ (поллютантов, экотоксикантов). Были использованы тесты, основанные на опытах с высшими растениями. Использованы для тестирования многие виды наземных и водных растений (макрофитов). Химические вещества, токсичность которых была выявлена и изучена автором, включают многие органические химические вещества, а именно, синтетические моющие средства, поверхностно-активные вещества (ПАВ) и пестициды. Были также проверены некоторые неорганические химические вещества (например, наночастицы окислов металлов и золота). Автор разработал новые методы биотестирования с использованием новых видов растений, которые никогда не использовались для биотестирования раньше. В этой статье сообщается о новых фактах фитотоксичности синтетического моющего средства. Водный раствор жидкого моющего средства Фрош (производитель Werner & Mertz, Германия) в концентрации 0.25 мл/л (и при более высоких концентрациях) ингибировал удлинение проростков высшего растения вида Lens culinaris. Впервые установлена фитотоксичность синтетического катионного поверхностно-активного вещества (додецилтриметиламмоний бромида). Это поверхностно-активное вещество ингибирует удлинение проростков в концентрации 4 мг/л. Методы фитотестирования способствовали поиску альтернативных методов изучения токсичности химических веществ и расширили возможности тестирования токсичности без использования животных, что важно с точки зрения требований биоэтики. Ключевые слова: фитотоксичность, биотест, фитотест, альтернативные методы, токсичность, оценка опасности, проростки растений, детергент, катионный ПАВ, додецилтриметиламмонийбромид, Lens culinaris; ** Toxicity Testing of Chemicals without Use of Animals S. A. Ostroumov Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia e-mail: Ostroumov@mail.bio.msu.ru Abstract—A review of a series of publications on the studies of phytotoxicity of chemicals (pollutants, ecotoxicants) that were carried out in this laboratory. Tests (bioassays) based on experiments with higher plants (both terrestrial and aquatic ones) were used. The list of the higher plant species included many terrestrial and aquatic plants (macrophytes). The chemicals (pollutants, ecotoxicants) tested by the author included many organic chemicals, namely, synthetic detergents, surfactants, and pesticides. Some inorganic chemicals were also tested (e.g., metal oxide nanoparticles). The author developed new methods for bioassay using new plant species never used before. In this paper, new facts of phytotoxicity of a synthetic detergent were discovered and reported. The water solution of the liquid detergent Frosch (Werner & Mertz, Germany) at a concentration 0.25 mL/L (and higher concentrations) inhibited the elongation rate of the seedlings of the higher plant Lens culinaris. Also, this is a first paper to report phytotoxicity of the synthetic cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. This surfactant inhibited the elongation of the plant seedlings Lens culinaris at a concentration of 4 mg/L. The methods of phytotesting contribute to the search of alternative methods for studying toxicity of chemicals using non-animal testing. Keywords: phytotoxicity, biotest, phytotest, alternative methods, non-animal testing, toxicity, hazard assessment, bioassay, plant seedlings, detergent, cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, Lens culinaris. × катионный ПАВ × Animal Testing Alternatives × alternative testing × non-animal models × ** ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ. Т. 25; № 1. 2016. This article was published in two languages, Russian and English. The English version of the paper is: Ostroumov S.A. 2016. Toxicity Testing of Chemicals without Use of Animals. - Russian Journal of General Chemistry, Vol. 86, No. 13, p. 2933-2941. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316990949; (ISSN 1070-3632).
http://scipeople.ru/publication/106202/; Остроумов С.А. Реагирование тест-организмов на загрязнение водной среды четвертичным аммониевым соединением // Водные ресурсы. 1991. № 2. С. 112-116. 6 табл. Библиогр. 17 назв. ISSN: 0321-0596. This article was translated and published in English as: in English: Ostroumov S.A. Response of test-organisms to water pollution with quaternary ammonia compounds. - Water Resources (USA; ISSN 0097-8078) 1992, v. 18(2) p. 171-175. Впервые обнаружены новые проявления токсичности катионного поверхностно-активного вещества (а именно, ПАВ из класса четвертичных аммониевых соединений, тетрадецилтриметиламмонийбромида) на беспозвоночных животных (а именно, пиявок медицинских) и растения (а именно, на проростки гречихи). С целью полнее охарактеризовать возможные последстия загрязнения среды поверхностно-активными веществам (ПАВ) изучали воздействие на тест-организмы четвертичного аммониевого соединения – катионного ПАВ тетрадецилтриметиламмонийбромида (ТДТМА). Впервые проведено тестирование катионного ПАВ ТДТМА на пиявках Hirudo medicinalis (выявлены новые эффекты - изменения поведения тест-организмов), а также на растениях Fagopyrum esculentum (выявлено ингибирование удлинения проростков). В этой статье установлено, что сравнительно низкие концентрации загрязняющего вещества (катионного ПАВ - четвертичного аммониевого соединения) изменяли поведение тест-организмов (пиявка медицинская Hirudo medicinalis). Пиявки откреплялись от субстрата, на котором ранее сидели. В случае реки или ручья такое открепление означает, что пиявок уносит течением воды. В итоге экосистема будет терять этих пиявок - т.е. окончательный результат такой же, как если бы они погибли. Получается, что сублетальное воздействие на организмы ведет к такому же финальному результату, как и высокотоксичное воздействие больших, летальных концентраций. Потеря экосистемой пиявок означает существенное нарушение пищевых цепей, т.е. структуры экосистем. Ключевые слова: Фитотоксичность, биотест, гидробиология (hydrobiology). Загрязнение воды (water pollution). Загрязнение окружающей среды (Environmental pollution). Есть в Центральной научной сельскохозяйственной библиотеке РАСХН (ЦНСХБ РАСХН). Перевод на англ. яз.: ** in English: Ostroumov S.A. Response of test-organisms to water pollution with quaternary ammonia compounds. - Water Resources (USA; ISSN 0097-8078) 1992, v. 18(2) p. 171-175 Ключевые слова публикации: фитотоксичность биотест гидробиология загрязнение качество воды водная токсикология пиявки Hirudo medicinalis Fagopyrum esculentum проростки, toxicity, phytotoxicity, water pollution, water quality, biotest, phytotest, leeches, plant seedlings, environmental hazard, protection of environment,
Keywords for book on ecological toxicology of detergents, Biological Effects of Surfactants. 18 groups of keywords. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294207132. 1 page. Keywords for the book (among 100 bestsellers on toxicology) on ecological toxicology of detergents, Biological Effects of Surfactants. 18 groups of the keywords. Group 1: surfactants, algae, algal, cells, alkyl, benzene, sulfonate, anionic surfactants, anthropogenic, aquatic, ecosystems, medium, aqueous, assessment, Group 2: bacteria, benthic, activity, bioassay, biological, biotest, effects, biotesting, bivalve, cationic surfactants, chemical, concentration, cyanobacteria, diatom, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Group 3: ecology, ecological, hazard, hazard assessment, effect, nonionogenic surfactants, effects, synthetic, environment, buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum, Group 4: organisms which are filter-feeders, filtration, activity, freshwater, growth, aquatic organisms, hydrobionts, impact, inhibition, Isochrysis galbana, larvae, Group 5: marine, Mollusca, mollusks, Moscow University, mussels, Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Group 6: Nauka Publishers, nonionogenic, surfactants, oil toxicity, oil dispersant, oil spill, organisms, Group 7: pesticides, petroleum, phytoplankton, phytoremediation, plankton, plant seedlings, higher plants, pollution, pollution control, pollutants, reservoirs, seedlings, sewage, waters, dodecylsulfate, seas, Black Sea, species, substances, sulfonol, surfactant-containing, suspension, organisms that are suspension feeders, synthetic, detergents, laundry detergent, Group 8: toxic, toxicity, trophic, synthetic surfactant named 'Triton X-100', water, filtration, xenobiotics, water quality, purification, self-purification, Hirudo medicinalis, freshwater mussels, Unio pictorum, Group 9: freshwater mssels Unio tumidus, oysters Crassostrea gigas, Group 10: oysters Crassostrea virginica, oysters, leeches, Euglena, euglens, higher plants, rice Oryza sativa, Group 11: Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba, elongation, ecotoxicology, giant pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, invertebrates, benthos, benthic organisms, phytotest, phytotoxicity, rotifers, rivers, green algae, Group 12: alkyl sulfates, alkyl phenol, Anabaena, angiosperm plants, annelids, Anodonta, aquatic ecosystems, Bacillus subtilis, behavior, biodegradation, bivalve mollusks, rotifers Brachionus, rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, rotifers; Group 13: Camelina sativa, Candida albicans, Chironomus riparius, Chlorella, chlorophyll, membranes, Corbicula fluminea, Cucumis sativus, Cyprinus carpio, Group 14: Daphnia magna, diatomic algae, Dreissena polymorpha, Dunaliella, enzymes, Escherichia coli, eutrophication, fish, flagellates, fungi, fungicides, Germany, germination of seeds, Great Britain, U.K., Group 15: heavy metals, herbicides, heterotrophic, autotrophic, Hyphomonas, lakes, Baikal, linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, liquid detergents, lontrel, macrophytes, Mercenaria mercenaria, microorganisms, Monochrysis lutheri, Moscow, Moscow River, Group 16: NOEC, nonylphenols, nutrients, Pavlova lutheri, pellets, phosphorus, phosphates, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Russia, Russian Federation, prosthecobacteria, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Porphyridum purpureum, Pseudomonas, Group 17: frogs Rana, red algae, Salmonella typhimurium, cyanobacteria Synechococcus, Synechocystis, diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana, Group 18: Triticum aestivum, U.S.A., U.S.EPA, vascular plants, water filtration, water purification, ** Keywords for a series of publications on ecology: Some keywords in short: Environment, ecology, conservation, ecotoxicology, water quality, biology, environmental science, pollution, water, self-purification, surfactants, toxicity, biological effects, toxic effects, detergents; Some keywords in the shortest: ecotoxicology, water quality, detergents, toxicity, environmental toxicology, ** Information on the book: Biological Effects of Surfactants https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200637626; Topics Suggestions are available. Use up and down arrows to select. Environmental Toxicology × Ecotoxicology × Detergents × Synthetic Surfactants × bestseller book × Bestseller × toxic effects × Bioassays × Review × Hazard Assessment × environmental hazards × Chemical pollutants ×
Alternative to Animal Testing, non-animal methods. Bibliography. 22 pages https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280563081; plants, phytoremediation, phytotechnology, aquatic plants, phytotoxicity, phytomass, phytotest, plant seedlings, phytoplankton, macrophytes, effects of chemicals, pollutants, xenobiotics, bioassay, biotest, biotesting, assessment, biological activity, hazards, toxicity, surfactants, detergents, heavy metals, perchlorate, http://5bio5.blogspot.com/2015/07/30072015-alternative-to-animal-testing.html ** Many of the publications – full texts and/or abstracts – are available online at ResearchGate.
Citation of book. Biological effects of surfactants. Cited in U.S.A., U.K., Germany, Italy, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259388888; More information on this book: On the book published, titled: Biological Effects of Surfactants. much info. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259335534 On the book titled: Biological Effects of Surfactants. Much information. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259384988 Biological Effects of Surfactants https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200637626; KEYWORDS: key words: surfactants, algae, algal, cells, alkyl, benzene, sulfonate, anionic surfactants, anthropogenic, aquatic, ecosystems, medium, aqueous, assessment, bacteria, benthic, activity, bioassay, biological, biotest, effects, biotesting, bivalve, cationic surfactants, chemical, concentration, cyanobacteria, diatom, sodium dodecyl sulfate, ecology, ecological, hazard, hazard assessment, effect, nonionogenic surfactants, effects, synthetic, environment, buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum, organisms which are filter-feeders, filtration, activity, freshwater, growth, aquatic organisms, hydrobionts, impact, inhibition, Isochrysis galbana, larvae, marine, Mollusca, mollusks, Moscow University, mussels, Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Nauka Publishers, nonionogenic, surfactants, oil toxicity, oil dispersant, oil spill, organisms, pesticides, petroleum, phytoplankton, phytoremediation, plankton, plant seedlings, plants, pollution, pollution control, pollutants, reservoirs, seedlings, sewage, waters, dodecylsulfate, seas, Black Sea, species, substances, sulfonol, surfactant-containing, suspension, organisms that are suspension feeders, synthetic, detergents, laundry detergent, TDTMA, toxic, toxicity, trophic, Triton X-100, water, filtration, xenobiotics, water quality, purification, self-purification, Hirudo medicinalis, freshwater mussels, Unio pictorum, Unio tumidus, Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea virginica, oysters, leeches, Euglena, euglens, higher plants, rice Oryza sativa, Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba, elongation, ecotoxicology, Lymnaea stagnalis, invertebrates, benthos, benthic organisms, phytotest, phytotoxicity, rotifers, rivers, green algae, alkyl sulfates, alkyl phenol, Anabaena, angiosperm plants, annelids, Anodonta, aquatic ecosystems, Bacillus subtilis, behavior, biodegradation, bivalve mollusks, Brachionus, Brachionus calyciflorus, rotifers Camelina sativa, Candida albicans, Chironomus riparius, Chlorella, chlorophyll, membranes, Corbicula fluminea, Cucumis sativus, Cyprinus carpio, Daphnia magna, diatomic algae, Dreissena polymorpha, Dunaliella, enzymes, Escherichia coli, eutrophication, fish, flagellates, fungi, fungicides, Germany, germination of seeds, Great Britain, U.K., heavy metals, herbicides, heterotrophic, autotrophic, Hyphomonas, lakes, Baikal, linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, liquid detergents, lontrel, macrophytes, Mercenaria mercenaria, microorganisms, Monochrysis lutheri, Moscow, Moscow River, NOEC, nonylphenols, nutrients, Pavlova lutheri, pellets, phosphorus, phosphates, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Russia, Russian Federation, prosthecobacteria, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Porphyridum purpureum, Pseudomonas, Rana, red algae, Salmonella typhimurium, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Triticum aestivum, U.S.A., U.S.EPA, vascular plants, water filtration, water purification, ** Some key words, IN SHORT: ecotoxicology, water quality, detergents, toxicity, environmental toxicology, **