new citation: Indonesia, Japan; New citation of Sergei Ostroumov, environmental science, water quality, water self-purification; Who cited: researchers from Indonesia; Where the citing article was published: in Japan; Новое цитирование работ д.б.н. Сергея Остроумова, МГУ. [PDF] INFLUENCING PARAMETER OF SELF PURIFICATION PROCESS IN THE URBAN AREA OF CIKAPUNDUNG RIVER, INDONESIA. ~ CookingFood.Org

Indonesia, Japan; New citation of Sergei Ostroumov, environmental science, water quality, water self-purification;
Who cited: researchers from Indonesia;
Where the citing article was published: in Japan;
Новое цитирование работ д.б.н. Сергея Остроумова, МГУ.

[PDF] INFLUENCING PARAMETER OF SELF PURIFICATION PROCESS IN THE URBAN AREA OF CIKAPUNDUNG RIVER, INDONESIA.

YM Yustiani, M Nurkanti, N Suliasih, A Novantri - International Journal of GEOMATE, 2018

…
https://5bio5.blogspot.com/2018/03/new-citation.html

The cited publication:

[23] Ostroumov SA, “The effect of synthetic surfactants on the Hydrobiological Mechanisms
of Water Self-Purification”, Water Resources, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2004, pp. 502-510.

[24] Chaturvedi
AD, Tiwari KL, “Surfactants (surface-active agent) are diverse and …

**
International Journal of GEOMATE, March., 2018 Vol.14, Issue 43, pp.

50-54;

the journal is being published in Japan;

**
GEOMATE =
Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment;

INFLUENCING PARAMETE

R OF SELF PURIFICATI

ON PROCESS

IN THE URBAN AREA OF

CIKAPUNDUNG RIVER, I

NDONESIA

* Yonik Meilawati Yustiani

, Mia Nurkanti

, Neneng Suliasih

and

Annisa Novantri

Dept of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty,Universitas Pasundan, Indonesia;

;

Faculty of Education, Pasundan University, Indonesia;

;

Faculty of Engineering, Pasundan University, Indonesia;

*Corresponding Author

, Received

: 31 May

2017, Revised: 15 Aug. 2017, Accepted: 1

Dec. 2017

ABSTRACT:

Self

-purification

process is an important process in the effort

of recovering the river

condition

itself. This process usually takes place naturally

. However, several inhibitions might disturb the process. It

was indicated by the slow deoxygenation rate and unhealthy river condition. This research aims to identify

the influence parameters responsible

for

the slow of self

-purification

in the Cikapundung

River, which is

located in the urban area of Bandung City, Indonesia. The river water samples were taken and analyzed in the

laboratory to obtain the water quality. The deoxygenation rate was also calculated based on the Slope Method

after data was acquir

ed from 10 days daily observation. R

esearch showed that the value of urban river

deoxygenation rate is relatively low. The low value of the rate of deoxygenation led to the difficulty in rivers

to purify themselves. Pollutants inhibiting the process

includ

e phenol, detergent, and heavy metals, which are

contaminating the river over the maximum standard. Biologically, the decomposer consists in the river is few.

It leads to a slow organic degradation rate. The condition is representing the low capacity of

self-purification

of the Cikapundung River which is caused mainly by chemical and biological parameters.

Keywords:

Deoxygenation Rate, Self

-purification

, Urban

river

, Water quality

INTRODUCTION

Cikapundung River is a river that passes through

Bandung. As the capital of West Java Province,

Bandung Cit y is a cit y with a large populat ion,

which is more than 2.4 million people. The rapid

development of the population stimulates

the

growth of settleme

nts on the banks of the

Cikapundung River without adequate sanitation

facilities. Cikapundung River becomes a place of

disposal of liquid waste from the activity around

the river banks.

Rivers in urban areas, including Cikapundung,

have various functions,

such as drinking water

sources,

recreational locations

and

main drainage

canal [1]

. The river is the main natural and

ecological site from a water management

perspective

[2]

. Some parameters are set in the

quality standards to maintain the health of the ri

ver.

The o

rganic

pollutant can be removed naturally

in rivers. The process is performed by

microorganisms. Several physical

s, chemical

, and

biological activities

involve

in the river water

organic pollutant degradation. Many of these

physical and chemical activities are influenced by

the bio logical condit io n. The removal of pollutants

from a water body without any artificial controls is

called

self

-purification

, or natural p

urification [3].

Many urban rivers in Indonesia suffer

from

heavy pollution. Their capabilities to perform self

purification

appear relatively low and result ing

the deterioration of the water quality, physically,

chemically and biologically.

Degradati

on of organic pollutants is primarily

affected by the river water characteristic.

Contaminants generated from industries can threat

river capability of self

-purification

. Several

indicators can be used to explain how the natural

remediation of

the

river

cannot be carried out. This

research was conducted to investigate the

influencing parameter of self

-purification

process

in the urban area of Cikapundung River. The result

can be useful to track the pollutant sources and

handle the issue from the initial cau

ses.

BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD

(chemical oxygen demand) are 2 essential

parameter

s of water quality to describe the organic

pollutant condition of rivers. Thus BOD and COD

are two widely used parameters for organic

pollution measurement [4].

BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) has a

strong relationship with DO because it indicates

the need

for oxygen to decompose organic matter

in the waters. Therefore, BOD becomes an

important factor to evaluate the level of pollution

of organic matter in the river [5]

. Deoxygenation is

the process of decreasing the amount of oxygen

that occurs due to the

use of oxygen by

microorganisms to decompose pollutants into the

aquatic bodies [6]

. The deoxygenation process is

an important process in the effort of the river to

self

-purification

process

, i

.e. degradation of bio

International Journal of GEOMATE, March., 2018 Vol.14, Issue 43, pp.

Geotec., Const. Mat. & Env.,

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.43.3546

ISSN: 2186-

2982 (Print), 2186-

2990 (Online), Japan

International Journal of GEOMATE, March., 2018 Vol.14, Issue 43, pp.50-

degradable organic pollutants to re

-clea

n the water.

The

rate

of the deoxygenation process affects the

sooner or later self

-purification

takes place. The

rate of deoxygenation rate is also an important

tribe in the Streeter

-Phelps equation which is

always used to model the quality of river water

The rate of deoxygenation rate can be specific if it

is in an area with different temperatures. In

addition, the quality of the river, the presence of

matter and pollutants in the river will affect the

rate of deoxygenation. Research on deoxygenation

is very rare in Indonesia.

The non-

optimization of the work of

decomposing microorganisms is also one of the

factors that influence the process of self

purification in the river. Therefore, in this study

the condition of decomposer microorganisms

becomes on

e of the components to be studied.

METHODOLOGY

2.1

Research Location

Cikapundung River

chosen to represent the

urban

city river. Figure 1 shows the location

of the

Cikapundung

River.

Fig.1

Research location and sampling points

[10]

The rivers pass through Bandung

Cit y

's mo st

crowded area

[7]

. The Cikapundung river water

quality suffers from

the wastewater that being

disposed

of directly without prior proper treatment.

The condition stimulates the worse quality of the

river water. Not only polluted by the untreated

wastewater, the river is also suffering from the

solid waste. Cikapundung River plays a very

strategic role as one source of water supply for

Bandung, but its water quality decreased for

several years

[8]

. Besides that, the

Cikapundun

river basin is one of the sub watershed

Citaru m

that serves as the main drainage channel of

Bandung

[9]

2.2 Data Collection

Data was collected from previous research and

also from the government agency that perform

periodic monitoring on the rivers. Measurement of

river water quality is conducted regularly by the

Environmental Protection Agency of Bandung City

and West Java Province. Several points were

appointed as sampling locations. The data were

then being calcu

lated to have average values.

Primary data was also obtained by laboratory

analysis of the river water samples to investigate

the type of microorganisms living in the water.

2.3 Parameters

The investigated parameters to determine the

self

-purification

process in the urban river are

including deoxygenation rate, BOD/COD ratio,

heavy metals and surfactant concentration. The

deoxygenation rate will indicate the degradation

process of organic matter. BOD/COD ratio can

describe the biodegradation capacity of the river

[3]. Heavy metals and

surfactant

were considered

as the inhibitors of decomposition process by

microorganisms.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIO

3. 1 Deoxygenation Rates

Table 1 shows the deoxygenation rate of

Cikapundung River water located in the upstream

and downstream of Bandung City area.

Table 1

Deoxygenation rates of Cikapundung

River

Year

Deoxygenation rate

Upstream

Downstream

Dry

Season

Rainy

Season

Dry

Season

Rainy

Season

2011

2012

2013

2014

0.146

0.016

0.240

0.130

0.190

0.100

0.240

0.120

0.023

0.080

0.030

0.190

0.260

0.010

0.370

0.290