d??a µe?????? s??????te?, ?? ?p???? de? p??a? t? ???s? a?a?µat?d??.
????ste, p?s? ap? ta ?s?a? ß??s???ta? te??st?a ep??e???µat??? ?a? ???a s?µf????ta. ?p?? e??e d???se? p??? ???? ?a??? ? ???p???? t?? ????????t, S???a? S??a?t??, a?t? «a???????ta?», e?? ?f?se ?a? ???e? a??µ?? ??a t?? t??p? µe t?? ?p??? d????ta? st??? «t??e????».
Se a?t? ta 90 ?????a, ???p??, ????? ß?aße?te? µe????? ????µat???af?st??, ?p?? ? ???? F???t, ? F?a?? ??p?a, ? ???? ????st??, ? G?????aµ G?????e?, ? F???s?? F??? ??p??a ?a? ????? p????? ????? d?µ???????, a??? ?? ????? p????? p?? ????? ?e?aste? ?a? µa?? ?a? ?? ta???e? t???.
?a??????a, ?p???a? ?a? ????fa??? s??????te?, µe µe?a??te?? ?s?? p??sf??? a??µ? ?a? ap? t??? p??a?afe????te? p?? ?µe??a? ??? ap? t?? ß?aße?se??. ?????????? d??a ap? t??? s?µa?t???te???? «ad???µ?????», p?? p??pe? ?a ?????s??? t? ???? t??? ???? ?s?? a?ap??? t? s??eµ?.
?s???? ?s?p???
?a?, de? e??a? aste?? ??te t?p???af??? ?????. ? e? t?? ????fa??? ????µat???af?st?? ?a? ???p???? t?? 20?? a???a de? ??e? ß?aße?te? ??te µ?a f??? ap? t?? ?µe???a???? ??ad?µ?a ????µat???af???? ?e???? ?a? ?p?st?µ?? ??a t?? a??st?????µat???? ta???e? t??. ? ??eta??? p???s???et?? ?a???t????? (s??????t??, ???p????, se?a??????f??, µ??t?? ??p) , d?µ??????? t?? a?ep??ast?? ??as???? ta????? «???t????? ?a????», «? ?e????? ???t?t??», «?a f?ta t?? p????» ?a? ????? p????? p?? ????sa? ?a? ?a?????? a??µ? t? ????? ?a? a??????ta? d??µ??? s????? ?a? p??ß??µat?sµ?? ??a t? p?? p?e? ? a????p?t?ta, a???????e ep?de??t??? ap? t?? ??ad?µ?a, a??? ??? ?a? ap? a?t??? p?? a?ap??? t?? ????µat????f?. St?? ep??? t?? ?????? ????µ?? ?pese se d?sµ??e?a ???? t?? a??ste??? pep????se?? t??, e?? ?a? ? ?at?e?a t?? ??a t?? ???a??e?, e?d??? t?? µ????? ?????a?, t?? d?s???e?a? t? ???. ???te ?????a p??? pe???e? st?? ??ßet?a, t? 1972 ? ??ad?µ?a t?? ß??ße?e µe e?d??? t?µ?t??? ?s?a?, ??a t? s??e?sf??? t?? st?? ????µat????f?.
????µa? ?p????µa?
?? ?a? p??t????e t?e?? f???? ??a ?s?a? ?a? de? ???d?se ?a???a, ? d??s?µ?? S???d?? s??????t?? ????µa? ?p????µa? ??a?e µ?a ???????? d??? t?? s???? st?? ????µat????f?. ? d?µ??????? t?? «?ßd?µ?? Sf?a??da?» ?a? ?s?? ? e? t?? pat???? t?? ?pa???a??? ????µat????f??, ?ßa?e t?? p??s?p???? s??se?? se p??t? p???? st?? ta???e? t??. G??? e??? ??????a??? p?st??a ?a? µ?a? f???te???? µ?t??a? p?? ?a?ta???se d?a????? a??? ?pa?e ????? ?a t? d?e?d??e?, ? ?p????µa? d??t??e µ?a a?at??f? ßas?sµ??? se ?????e? ?p?? aµa?t?a, e??µ?????s?, t?µ???a, s?????es?. ?e? e??a? t??a?? ?t? µ?sa ap? t?? ta???e? t?? ?s??se d??µe?a ???t??? t?s? st?? e????s?a ?s? ?a? st?? e???s?a. ?e????? ap? t?? ??as???? t?? ta???e? e??a? «? ?ßd?µ? sf?a??da», «????e? F?????e?», «??a???? ?a? ???????» ?a? «F??? ?a? ????a?d???». ? ?p????µa? e??e p???s?? ???? ?a? st? ??at??, a?eß????ta? ???a t?? ???a?t???, ?s???f, ?aµ?, S??p??, ?p?e?t ?a.
??s?? G?????
Ta µp????se ?a pe? ??p???? ?t? ?a?e?? st? ????????t de? t?? s?????ese t? µe?a??f??a t??. ? ???p???? ?a? s??????t?? ??s?? G????? ????e pa???sµ??? ???st?? t? 1938 µe t? ?ad??f????? t?? µet?d?s? «? p??eµ?? t?? ??sµ??» ?ta? ?pe?se e?at?µµ???a ?µe???a???? a???at?? t?? ?ad??f???? ?t? e???????? ap? t?? ??? e?s?ßa?a? st? G?. Ost?s?, a?t? de? ?ta? t?p?ta µp??st? st?? ta???a «????t?? ????», p?? ????se ?a? p??ta????st?se ? ?d??? se ?????a µ???? 25 et??. ??a a??st?????µat??? f??µ, p?? s?????a ?a ?ta? st? ??sta µe t?? d??a ?a??te?e? ta???e? ???? t?? ep????. Ost?s?, ? ?d??????µ?? ?a?a?t??a? t??, p????? f???? a?t??atast??f????, t?? eµp?d?se ?a µa? d?se? ?a? ???e? p????? ta???e?, p??a ap? t??? «?p??????? ?µpe?s???», t?? «???ße?» ?a? t?? «????? t?? ?a???». ?pe?d? ?µ?? ? t???? de? e??a? ??µa p?s?t?ta?, ? G????? s?????a ?a pe??se? st?? ?st???a a? ?a? ? ?µe???a???? ??ad?µ?a t?? a????se – ?s?? ??at? de? µp????se ?a a?t??e? t?s? ta???t?...
????a ?????s?ßa
St??? ?e?te???? µp??e? ?a µ? ??e? p???? t? ???µa t?? ??p??a s??????t? ????a ?????s?ßa (1910-1998), a??? ?at’ ?µ?????a t?? µe?a??te??? ?e?te??? s?????et?? t?? aµe???a????? ?a? pa???sµ??? ????µat????f?? (Sp??µpe???, S???ts??e, S??t??? ?e??e, ????t? ????a?), ?p???e ? «d?s?a???», a?t?? p?? t??? e??p?e?se. ???a? a????a?µast? ?t? ? ?????s?ßa se ???e se????, ???e p???? t?? -asp??µa??? ? ?????µ?- ?ß?epe? ??a? p??a?a µ??ad???? a??a? ?a? ?µp?e?s?? ?a? ??a a?t? deµ??a µe ??a? e?a?s?? ?a? ap?? t??p? p?? ?????e ?a? t?? p?? aµ??t? ?eat?. ?e????? ap? t?? ta???e? t?? p?? de? p??pe? ?a ??se? ?a?e?? e??a? «?as?µ??», «G????µp?», «?? ept? saµ?????», «?e??sµ???? ???e???», «? ?e?t???? t?? ?ataf???eµ????», «?a?» ?a? «??e??a». ??ap?µ???? p??ta????st?? t?? ?????s?ßa ?ta? ? ?p?????? ??s??? ??f???e.
??f?e?t ??ts???
? «µet? t?? sasp???» ?µe??e ?? a?t?? ??? ap? ta ?s?a?. ???µ? ??a? a?ap?µ???? t?? ????µat???af?f???? ??????, t?? ???t???? ?a? t?? ????pa??? ?????? s?????et??, p?? de? ?at?fe?e ?a ?e?d?se? t? ?s?a?. ? ??ts??? e??e d?? pe???d??? st?? ?a????a t??, t?? a?????? ?a? t?? aµe???a????, ?p?? ????se ?a? t?? pe??ss?te?e? ?a? p?? pet???µ??e? ta???e? t??. ?d??f???, µe?a??µa???, af???st????, ?ept?????? (s?ed?a?e ta p???a t?? p??ta st? ?a?t?), µe eµµ????, ?p?? ?? ?a????? p??ta????st??e?. St?? s??e?te??e?? t?? ?a? e?d??? st? s???µ???a t?? µe t?? F?a?s??? ???f?, apa????e p?????? ap? t??? p??ta????st?? t??, p?? t??? ?a?a?t????e ???????? ? at??a?t???, e?? de? ????ße ?a? t?? a?t?p??e?? t?? p??? t??? ?µe???a????. ??t???t?? e?t?µ??se p??? t?? ???µ? St???a?t. ?e ta s?µe???? ded?µ??a ?s?? ?a ?ta? d?p?a st? ed???? t?? ?at??????µ???? µe t?? G??a??st?? ??a t?? se???a????? t?? pa?e?????se?? ?a? ta ?a????a st?? p??ta????st???? t??. ?a? ?µ?? ? ??ts??? e??a? ? ??a? ?a? µ??ad???? µet?. ????fa?e? t?? ta???e?: «?esµ?t?? t?? ???????», «????», «S??p???? ???t??», «?a 39 s?a??p?t?a», «?p??es? ??t??????». G?a µ?a ?a??te?? ?????µ?a µe t? fa???µe?? ??ts??? a???e? ?a d?aß?sete t? ß?ß??? t?? F?a?s??? ???f? «??ts???».
????? ?p????????
? ????fa??? ?spa??? s??????t?? ?? ??a? ap? t??? s?µa?t???te???? t?? pa???sµ??? ????µat????f??, ?a?????se d??? t?? p??s?p??? a?a????? ?f?? st?? ta???e? t??, e?? s??d????e ?a? µe t? ????µa t?? ?pe??ea??sµ??. ???µ? ??a? ????µat???af?st?? p?? ep???ase p?????? s??????te? t?? ?e?te??? ?e????, ? ?p???????? a??e?t???? a?a?????? d????se µe t?? ta???e? t??, a??? ?a? t? apa??µ???? ????µ?? t?? t?s? t?? ?p????s?a t?? ast???? t????, ?s? ?a? t?? e????s?ast???? e???s?a?. ?e????? ap? t?? s?µa?t???te?e? ?a? a???aste? ta???e? t?? e??a? «? ???f? ???te?a t?? µp??????a??a?», «? ??a?a t?? ?µ??a?», «??da???s?a??? s?????», «?? f??tasµa t?? ??e??e??a?», «?? s??te??? a?t??e?µe?? t?? ?????».
St???e? ????µp???
?s?? ?t? a??µ? ?a? s?µe?a ?? p???t???? t?? a?t????e?? pa?aµ????? µ?st???? ?a? ?? t??µ???? t?? ??se?? e?????t????, ?p?? ?a? ? a?t???µf??µ?sµ?? t??, p?? ?ta? d????t?? se ???e t?? ta???a ?a apa?t??? ?a? st? e??t?µa ??at? ? St???e? ????µp??? de? ??aße p?t? t? ?s?a?, pa??t? e??e p??ta?e? µe a?t? t?sse??? f????. ? a???ast?? d?µ??????? t?? «2001: ?d?sse?a t?? d?ast?µat??», «??µ??», «?p??? ???t??», «S?S ?e?t????? ?a?e? ??s?a», «Sta???? st? ??t?p?» ?at???e??e µ?sa ap? t?? ta???e? t?? t?? fas?sµ?, t?? ?ap?ta??sµ?, t? ?a??sµ?, t??? p??eµ???p?????, a??? ?a? ??e? a?t?? t?? s?µß?se?? t?? a????p???? s??se?? p?? te????? s??t????? t? e?e??e?? p?e?µa, t?? a????p??? f?s?. Ost?s?, ? ????µp??? ta ?at?fe?e ????a ?a? ?? s??????t?? µ?a? ????????t?a??? ?pe?pa?a????? µe t?? «Sp??ta??», t?? ?p??? ????se ?at’ apa?t?s? t?? ?e?? ?t????a?.
????a??t ????
??a? ap? t??? s?µa?t???te???? s??????te? t?? aµe???a????? ????µat????f?? (µa?? µe t??? Ses?? ?te ???, ???? F???t, G???f?? ?ta? ?a? ? ????a??t ????). ??a? ????µat???af?st?? p?? ep???ase µe t? d???e?? t?? p?????? s??????te? t?? ?e?te??? ?e???? (S???ts??e, ???pe?te?, ??tµa? ?a) a? ?a? st? e???te?? ????? de? ?ta? ?a? ?d?a?te?a ???st??. ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?ta? ?t? a?ade????e ?da???? t??? p??ta????st?? t?? ?a? p?? as???????e ?a? d?a??????e µe p???? ????µat???af??? e?d?, ap? ??µ?d?e? ?a? pe??p?te?e? µ???? d??µata ?a? ????ste??.
?p??e? ?? ta???e? t?? ?a µ?? e??a? t? sf?a??da ?p?? t?? s?µa?t???te??? ????µat???af?st??, p?? ß??pe?? ta p??ta t??a p???a ?a? ?ata?aßa??e?? ?t? e??a? ????µp???, ??ts??? ? ?p????µa?, a??? p?a?µat??? ?ta? t?s? ?a??????sµ??e? ?a? d???eµ??e? p?? de? µp????se? pa?? ?a ?p?????e?? st?? ????µat???af??? t?? µat??, st?? epa??e?µat?sµ? t??. ?e????? ap? t?? ta???e? t?? p?? p??pe? ?a d??? ?p?sd?p?te ?? f???? t?? s??eµ? e??a?: «? ???a??a µe t? ?e?p??da??» , «S?µadeµ????», «? se????a t?? ?a?t????a», «? ???a??? G????», «?? ??d?e? p??t?µ??? t?? ?a?????», «????? ?a? ??µa», «??? ?p??ß?» ?a? «??????? ??t?µ?». ??µ????e ?? a?t?? µe t? e?d??? t?µ?t??? ?s?a? ??a t?? p??sf??? t?? st?? ????µat????f?.
?p???a? ?te ???µa
??? te?e?ta?a? ?e????, af?? p??s???e? ta 80 ?a? s??e???e? a??µ? ?a s?????ete?. ? ?te ???µa ßaft?st??e ??? ?d??a ? d??d???? t?? ??ts??? (?? ep????t?? t?? t?? e?pa? «a?t???af?a») ?a??? st?? p??te? t?? ta???e? ?? ?eµat???? t??, a??µ? ?a? p????? se???? ?ta? ?d?e? µe a?t? t?? ?????? s??????t?. ??a??et??? ta?a?t?????, ?µ??, ?d?se ?a? µe????? d???? t?? a??st?????µat???? ta???e? µe p??t? ?a? ?a??te?? t?? «?p??es? ?a???t?». ??a s???????st??? ta???a p?? ?d?se t?? e??a???a st?? ?? ?ats??? ?a ????e? sta ?p?? t?? a??µ? µ?a µ??ad??? e?µ??e?a. Ost?s?, ? a???e?a e??a? ?t? µe???? µ???? t?? stad??d??µ?a? t?? t? a????se se pe??p?te?e? t?? se???? t?p?? «?p????d??? ?p?st???» ??p. ???t??, µe ???e e??a???a ?a ?ta? ?a?? ?a de?te ?a? t?? ta???e? «? s?µadeµ????», «????sµ??? ??d???», «?f???te? ap? t? pa?e????», «? apat??? ??µ?? t?? µata??d???a?» ?a? «???asµ??? ???µ?».
?t??? ????
?e? ??e? t?? a???? t?? ?????? t?? maestro Fe?te???? Fe????, t?? ap?d??? t?? ??t???? ?te S??a, t? d?as?µ?t?ta t?? ??????? ??s???t?, ???e???t?e?? ??t?????? ?a? ?pe?????t? ?pe?t????ts?, ??te t? st?ßa?? ?f?? e??? S??t??? ?e??e ? t? t??µ??? s?ed?? s?a?da??de? st?? t?? ?a?????? ?a? Fe????. ??e? ?µ?? t? ???? e??? µe????? ????µat???af?st? p?? ap?t?p?se µe ?????p???? ????µ???st??? t??p? t?? ????????? ?a? p???t??? e?????? t?? ?ta??a? µet? t?? ?’ ?a???sµ?? ???eµ?. ?e t?? ta???e? t?? (ap? ???t? ?? ??a? a??µ? µe?????, ? ????? ????ts???) ?at???aµe t??? ft???d??ß?????, ta ??eft????a t?? ??t??, t?? e??at??? t???, t?? ap?st?e?, t??? a?t????e?, t??? s?????sµ????? a????p???. ???e?t??? ?a???? µe????? ????µat????f?? p?? eµµ?s?? p??? saf?? ?a?t???a?e t?? e???s?a, t? d?af???? t?? ?s?????, a?t?? p?? ????a????? ?a? ?atad??aste???? t??? a??s??????. St?? ta???e? t?? ?a???aµe ?a? µe???? ap? ta ?e?? t??ata t?? ?p????t????, ?p?? t?? ??t???? G??sµa?, t?? ???? ?a?f???t?, t?? ??µp??t? S???t?, t?? ????? ?????ts?, t?? ?a?ts??? ?ast???????, t?? ????a ????µp??t??ta, t?? ??????t?a ?a??t????e ?a? f?s??? t? S?f?a ???e?. ?e? p??pe? ?a ??sete t?? ta???e? t??: «? fa?fa?????», «???µa ???a??a?», «Ft???? a??? ??a???», «?a t??ata», «??µ?, ???ta? ?a?...». St?? ta???a a?t?, µe p??ta????st? t?? ??t???? ?te S??a, p?? ?p?d?eta? ??a? e??t??? ast???µ?, se µ?a s????, pe??? d?p?a ap? ??a ft??? a???t? se ??p??? ????? t?? ??t?? ?a? t?? ß??pe? ?a t??e? d?? f?te? ??µ??? af?? p??ta ta ??e? ???e? s??t???t?. ??? ??t? t? ????? µ?sa ta ??µ???a ?a? ? a???t?? t?? apa?t? t?? fa?tas?a t??. ???a? µ?a ap? t?? ?p????e? at??e? p?? ?eµ????? t?? ?ta????? ??µ?d?e?. ???ta ?????? ?a? p??ta µe p???a.