Recent updates to the project:
Analysis of top important issues of protection of the environment, nature conservation.
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation;
https://5bio5.blogspot.com/2017/10/environment.html
**
22h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update
Recent relevant updates, in English, in Chinese:
Recent relevant updates, in English, in Chinese:
Information in Chinese:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d50d60b53d2fbbd12f520d;
On Fukushima disaster, in Chinese language. Also, on Tokaimura nuclear accident.
See attached files.
80 pictures and photos on Fukushima were attached to other recent updates to this project (see previous updates).
Additional Information - on radioactive contamination, on units that are used to characterize radiation - see in other recent updates to this project.
Pdf
Fukushima disaster, 福岛第一核电站事故.pdf;
Pdf
Radiation effects from Fukushima, 福島第一核電廠事故的輻射影響.pdf;
**
in English,
On Fukushima with 48 pictures:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d50a8eb53d2fbbd12f5133;
**
In English,
On Fukushima, with 34 pictures:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d505fb4cde264cee69bf3b;
** in English,
34 articles were attached. Radiation, nuclear accidents, units to measure radiation.
It is important to protect man, biosphere, environment against hazards of radiation, redioactive contamination.
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d4e22a4cde26fa79da746e ;
**
23h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update:
On Fukushima disaster, in Chinese language. Also, on Tokaimura nuclear accident.
update to the project : https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation;
On Fukushima disaster, in Chinese. Also, on Tokaimura nuclear accident.
See attached files.
80 pictures and photos on Fukushima were attached to other recent updates to this project (see previous updates).
Additional Information - on radioactive contamination, on units that are used to characterize radiation - see in other recent updates to this project.
Fukushima disaster, 福岛第一核电站事故.pdf
884.75 KB
Radiation effects from Fukushima, 福島第一核電廠事故的輻射影響.pdf
389.20 KB
Tokaimura nuclear accident, 東海村JCO臨界意外.pdf
215.87 KB
23h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update
+41
on Fukushima, with pictures (48). Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. 66 pages. From Wikipedia
Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. 66 pages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster;
with 48 pictures.
📷
This article has multiple issues.
The neutrality of this article is disputed. (January 2013)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the article is incoherent, rambling and poorly organized (January 2013)
📷
The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the worst nuclear incident in 25 years, displaced 50,000 households after radioactive material leaked into the air, soil and sea.[1] Radiation checks led to bans on some shipments of vegetables and fish.[2]
📷
Map of contaminated areas around the plant (22 March – 3 April).
📷
Fukushima dose rate comparison to other incidents and standards, with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events from 11 to 30 March.
📷
Radiation hotspot in Kashiwa, February 2012.
The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure, and the discharge of coolant water into the sea.[citation needed] This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant, and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013.[3] Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident, including iodine-131 and caesium-134/137, have since been detected around the world.[4][5][6]
The World Health Organization (WHO) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture. A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70% higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants (the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75% to 1.25%), a 7% higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants, a 6% higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4% higher risk, overall, of developing solid cancers for females.[7][8]
Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee…
23h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update:
+29
Photo, pictures (34). Fukushima disaster reminds us: importance of attention to hazards of radioactive contamination. Pictures (34) on Fukushima disaster are added.
Fukushima disaster reminds us: importance of attention to hazards of radioactive contamination.
Pictures (34) on Fukushima disaster are added.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, 50 pages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster;
"Fukushima nuclear disaster" redirects here. For the incidents at Fukushima Daini (Fukushima II), see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant.
"2011 Japanese nuclear accidents" redirects here. For other 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents/incidents, see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant, and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
📷
Image on 16 March 2011 of the four damaged reactor buildings. From left to right: Unit 4, 3, 2, and 1. Hydrogen-air explosions occurred in Unit 1, 3, and 4, causing structural damage. A vent in Unit 2's wall, with water vapor/"steam" clearly visible, prevented a similar large explosion. Drone overflights on 20 March captured clearer images.[1]
Date
11 March 2011
Location
Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan
Coordinates
📷37°25′17″N 141°1′57″E
Outcome
INES Level 7 (major accident)[2][3]
Non-fatal injuries
37 with physical injuries,[4][not in citation given] 2 workers taken to hospital with possible radiation burns[5]
📷
IAEA experts at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 4, 2013
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (福島第一原子力発電所事故Fukushima Dai-ichi (📷 pronunciation) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko) was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.[6] Immediately after the earthquake, the active reactors automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions. However, the tsunami disabled the emergency generators that would have provided power to control and operate the pumps necessary to cool the reactors. The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns, hydrogen-air explosions, and the release of radioactive material in Units 1, 2, and 3 from 12 March to 15 March. Loss of cooling also caused the pool for storing spent fuel from Reactor 4 to overheat on 15 March due to the decay heat from the fuel rods.
On 5 July 2012, the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) found that the causes of the accident had been foreseeable, and that the plant operator, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), had failed to meet basic…
1d ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update
34 articles were attached. Radiation, nuclear accidents, units to measure radiation. It is important to protect man, biosphere, environment against hazards of radiation, redioactive contamination. I add some useful publications. I also add some publications on useful units.
34 articles were attached. Radiation, nuclear accidents, units to measure radiation.
It is important to protect man, biosphere, environment against hazards of radiation, redioactive contamination.
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d4e22a4cde26fa79da746e ;
I added 34 useful publications. I also added some publications on useful units.
Tags:
radiactive contamination, units of measurement,
radiation accidents, nuclear accidents, Fukushima, Tokaimura, radiation effects,
Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents.pdf
734.33 KB
Radiation accidents, 核事故.pdf
99.22 KB
list of links Nuclear incidents, Fukushima.docx
15.14 KB
2d ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added 5 project references
Temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphorus and eutrophication assessment for an arid river- Fuyang River in northern China
Article
Jul 2017
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth on city level: The Case Study of Chongqing in China
Article
Apr 2017
Ecological Indicators
Microalgae: An emerging source of energy based bio-products and a solution for environmental issues
Article
May 2017
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
4d ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added a research item
Source
Comment on the book. Qingfeng Zhang, Robert Crooks. Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future Country Environmental Analysis of the People’s Republic of China. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320145588;
Data
Jan 2017
Qingfeng Zhang
Robert Crooks
Sergei A. Ostroumov
This is an extended comment on book:
Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future Country Environmental Analysis of the People’s Republic of China. (The full text of the book is attached as a PDF file). Authors of the book: Qingfeng Zhang, Robert Crooks. © 2012 Asian Development Bank; Published 2012. Printed in the Philippines; ISBN 978-92-9092-712-9 (Print), 978-92-9092-713-6 (PDF); Publication Stock No. RPT113974 Cataloging-In-Publication Data; This book is a detailed analysis of environmental issues of China. The book includes analysis of the issues of main components of the environment and biosphere, including air, water resources, land resources, biological resources (biodiversity, with special attention to forest resources). Issues of energy, economics and money allocation for environmental monitoring and protection are considered. The table of contents and an unformatted text of the book is given below. The full formatted text is available online here: see the attached PDF file. Content and unformatted text: Contents: List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes. vii; Abbreviations. ix; Foreword. xi; Acknowledgments. xiii; Executive Summary. xvi; 1. Introduction. 1; 2. The Environment and Development Framework. 4; 2.1. Introduction. 4; 2.2. The Pace of Economic Growth and Development. 4; 2.3. Sectoral Structure of the Economy. 6; 2.4. Energy. 7; 2.5. Urbanization. 10; 2.6. Future Prospects. 16; 3. Natural Resources Management. 18; 3.1. Climate and Topography. 18; 3.2. Land Resources and Land Degradation. 19; 3.3. Biodiversity. 23; 3.4. Forests. 28; 4. Water and Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management. 34; 4.1. Water Quantity and Quality. 34; 4.2. Air Quality and Sources of Air Pollution. 55; 4.3. Solid Waste. 64; 5. The Climate Change Agenda. 69; 5.1. Introduction. 69; 5.2. Contribution to Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China. 69; 5.3. How the People’s Republic of China Has Been and Might Be Affected by Climate Change. 73; 5.4. The Strategic Position of the People’s Republic of China on Climate Change. 80; 5.5. Climate Change Strategies under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015). 86; 5.6. Barriers. 87; 5.7. Role of the Asian Development Bank. 89; 6. Policy, Institutional, and Fiscal Frameworks for Environmental Protection 91; 6.1. Introduction. 91; 6.2. Strategic Framework and the “Three Shifts”. 91; 6.3. The Institutional Framework for Environmental Management and Protection. 92; 6.4. Changes in Laws, Regulations, and Related Instruments. 105; 6.5. Fiscal Dimensions of Environmental Management. 112; 6.6. Conclusion. 122; 7. Strategic Framework for Environmental Protection. 124; 7.1. Introduction. 124; 7.2. Macro-Environmental Strategy of the Ministry of Environmental ; Protection. 124; 7.3. The 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010). 127; 7.4. Environmental Strategy for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015). 138; 8. Implications for the Country Partnership Strategy. 149; 8.1. Introduction. 149; 8.2. Asian Development Bank’s Assistance Program. 151; 8.3. Private Sector Participation in ADB’s Environmental Projects. 159; 8.4. Environmental Assistance of Other Donors. 161; 8.5. Policy and Institutional Issues: Environmental Impact Assessment. 164; 8.6. Assessment of ADB Performance in the People’s Republic of China. 172; 8.7. Strategic Directions of the People’s Republic of China and Possible Areas of ADB Assistance. 174; References 187; Figures (26), and Boxes(3): Figures (26): 1 Real Gross Domestic Product Growth of BRIC Countries and the United States, 1990–2008. 5; 2 Composition of Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1998–2009. 7; 3 Economic Energy Intensity and Per Capita Energy Consumption, 1990–2009. 8; 4 Economic Efficiency of Energy Consumption, 2000–2007. 9; 5 Components of the Energy Mix in the People’s Republic of China, 1990–2008. 9; 6 Urban and Rural Population Trends, 1982–2008. 11; 7 Annual Plantation Establishment Rates, 2001–2007. 32; 8 Total Water Consumption and Sector Consumption, 2000–2008. 36; 9 Water Utilization Rates by River Basin. 38; 10 General Surface Water Quality Trends, 1998–2009. 40; 11 Water Quality of Key Lakes and Reservoirs, 2003–2009. 41; 12 Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Flows and Chemical Oxygen Demand Loads, 1999–2009. 46; 13 Major Sources of Industrial Chemical Oxygen Demand Discharges. 47; 14 Livestock Numbers in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2005. 50; 15 Ambient Urban Air Quality Trends, 1999–2009. 56; 16 Changes in Air Pollutant Emission Intensities, 1997 and 2009. 58; 17 Industrial Air Emissions, 1998–2009. 60; 18 Number of Civil and Private Vehicles and Gross Domestic Product Growth in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2007. 61; 19 Growth of Municipal Solid Waste Production and Gross Domestic Product, 2000–2008. 65; 20 Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the People’s Republic of China (1980–2008), Compared to Selected Major Economies. 70; 21 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Project in the People’s Republic of China, Under Different Development Scenarios. 72; 22 Actual and Projected Total Energy Demand in the People’s Republic of China, 2000–205. 73; 23 Schematic Diagram of the Environmental Supervision System in the People’s Republic of China. 98; 24 Investments in the Treatment of Environmental Pollution, 2004–2008. 112; 25 Sector Distribution of ADB Lending by Value, 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan Periods. 152; 26 ADB Lending, 1991–2010. 172; Boxes: 1 The Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Program. 21; 2 The People’s Republic of China–Global Environment Facility Partnership to Combat Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems. 24; 3 Tai Lake Cleanup. 42;
** The full text (unformatted):
Toward an environmentally sustainable future: Country environmental analysis of the People’s Republic of China. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012. 1. Environment. 2. People’s Republic of China. I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Asian Development Bank; 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City; 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines; Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444; www.adb.org; For orders, please contact: Department of External Relations; Fax +63 2 636 2648 adbpub@adb.org
iii Endorsements
“This monograph not only presents an integrated summary of what the People’s Republic of China has achieved during the 11th Five-Year Plan toward sustainable development, but also dedicates an in-depth discussion of the development of major environmental policies and programs the People’s Republic of China has been undergoing over the last 3 decades. An assessment of the country’s current environmental and ecological situations further highlights the grand challenges the People’s Republic of China is facing for development while protecting the environment in the future. Its major conclusions and recommendations are constructive, critical, and valuable not only to the government but also to the international sustainable communities as well as the general public.”
Chen Jining Professor and President Tsinghua University
“Protecting the environment remains one of the great global challenges of our time. The Asian Development Bank has been instrumental in providing policy and technical analysis for the environmental efforts of the People’s Republic of China. The second Country Environmental Analysis provides a comprehensive review on the government’s environmental achievements during the period of the 11th Five-Year Plan and supplies insightful recommendations on how the country should approach sustainability in the future while maintaining rapid economic growth. This report is a great resource for policy makers and researchers who desire to grasp the current state of the People’s Republic of China’s environmental progress.”
Manish Bapna Executive Vice President and Managing Director World Resources Institute
v Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes vii; Abbreviations ix; Foreword xi; Acknowledgments xiii; Executive Summary xvi; 1. Introduction 1; 2. The Environment and Development Framework 4; 2.1 Introduction 4; 2.2 The Pace of Economic Growth and Development 4; 2.3 Sectoral Structure of the Economy 6; 2.4 Energy 7; 2.5 Urbanization 10; 2.6 Future Prospects 16; 3. Natural Resources Management 18; 3.1 Climate and Topography 18; 3.2 Land Resources and Land Degradation 19; 3.3 Biodiversity 23; 3.4 Forests 28; 4. Water and Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management 34; 4.1 Water Quantity and Quality 34; 4.2 Air Quality and Sources of Air Pollution 55; 4.3 Solid Waste 64; 5. The Climate Change Agenda 69; 5.1 Introduction 69; 5.2 Contribution to Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China 69; 5.3 How the People’s Republic of China Has Been and Might Be Affected by Climate Change 73; 5.4 The Strategic Position of the People’s Republic of China on Climate Change 80; 5.5 Climate Change Strategies under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) 86; 5.6 Barriers 87; 5.7 Role of the Asian Development Bank 89; vi Contents; 6. Policy, Institutional, and Fiscal Frameworks for Environmental Protection 91; 6.1 Introduction 91; 6.2 Strategic Framework and the “Three Shifts” 91; 6.3 The Institutional Framework for Environmental Management and Protection 92; 6.4 Changes in Laws, Regulations, and Related Instruments 105; 6.5 Fiscal Dimensions of Environmental Management 112; 6.6 Conclusion 122; 7. Strategic Framework for Environmental Protection 124; 7.1 Introduction 124; 7.2 Macro-Environmental Strategy of the Ministry of Environmental ; Protection 124; 7.3 The 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 127; 7.4 Environmental Strategy for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) 138; 8. Implications for the Country Partnership Strategy 149; 8.1 Introduction 149; 8.2 Asian Development Bank’s Assistance Program 151; 8.3 Private Sector Participation in ADB’s Environmental Projects 159; 8.4 Environmental Assistance of Other Donors 161; 8.5 Policy and Institutional Issues: Environmental Impact Assessment 164; 8.6 Assessment of ADB Performance in the People’s Republic of China 172; 8.7 Strategic Directions of the People’s Republic of China and Possible Areas of ADB Assistance 174; References 187; vii Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1 Cities of the People’s Republic of China, by Population Size, 2005 12 2 Urban Population Projections, 2005–2025 14 3 Biodiversity of the People’s Republic of China in Comparison to the World’s Biodiversity 25 4 Biodiversity Endemicity of the People’s Republic of China 25 5 Forest Area by Forest Classification, 7th National Forest Resource Inventory 29 6 Forestland by Arbor Age Class, 6th and 7th National Forest Resource Inventory 29 7 Six Main Forestry Programs of the People’s Republic of China 30 8 Average Total Renewable Water Resources, 1956–2007 35 9 Differences in Water Quality between Northern and Southern Rivers, 2009 40 10 Summary of 2007 National Groundwater Quality Survey 44 11 Estimated Nonpoint Water Pollution Discharges 48 12 Proportion of Livestock Subsector Production from Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises 51 13 Climate-Related Disasters and their Socioeconomic Impacts on the People’s Republic of China, 1900–2010 76 14 Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources 78 15 Projected Climate Change and Agricultural Productivity by 2080, Business-as-Usual Scenario 79 16 Employees and Budgets of the Ministries of Environment in Selected Countries 96 17 Environmental Capacity Building under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 100 18 Main Laws for Natural Resources and Environmental Management Approved since 2006 106 19 Expenditures under Item 211 for 2008 and 2009 114 20 Revenues Collected and Disbursements Made by Level of Government, 2007 115 21 Summary of Special Funds for Environmental Protection Administered through the Ministry of Finance 116 22 Macroeconomic Assumptions for the 11th Five-Year Plan Period 128 23 Primary Environmental Objectives and Achievements under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 129 24 Key Qualitative Objectives under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 131 25 Other Objectives and Achievements of Environmental Relevance under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 132 26 Capacity Building Programs for the 11th Five-Year Plan Period 133 27 Environment, Natural Resources, and Agriculture Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 153 28 Environment, Natural Resources, and Agriculture Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 154 29 Urban and Social Development Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 155 viii Tables, Figures, and Boxes 30 Urban Development Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 155 31 Energy Sector Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 156 32 Energy Sector Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 157 33 Transport Sector Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 158 34 Transport Sector Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 158 35 Summary of Issues Arising from the Implementation of the Safeguard Policy Statement in the People’s Republic of China 166 36 Non-Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Delivered during the 9th, 10th, and 11th Five-Year Plans 173; Figures 1 Real Gross Domestic Product Growth of BRIC Countries and the United States, 1990–2008 5 2 Composition of Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1998–2009 7 3 Economic Energy Intensity and Per Capita Energy Consumption, 1990–2009 8 4 Economic Efficiency of Energy Consumption, 2000–2007 9 5 Components of the Energy Mix in the People’s Republic of China, 1990–2008 9 6 Urban and Rural Population Trends, 1982–2008 11 7 Annual Plantation Establishment Rates, 2001–2007 32 8 Total Water Consumption and Sector Consumption, 2000–2008 36 9 Water Utilization Rates by River Basin 38 10 General Surface Water Quality Trends, 1998–2009 40 11 Water Quality of Key Lakes and Reservoirs, 2003–2009 41 12 Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Flows and Chemical Oxygen Demand Loads, 1999–2009 46 13 Major Sources of Industrial Chemical Oxygen Demand Discharges 47 14 Livestock Numbers in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2005 50 15 Ambient Urban Air Quality Trends, 1999–2009 56 16 Changes in Air Pollutant Emission Intensities, 1997 and 2009 58 17 Industrial Air Emissions, 1998–2009 60 18 Number of Civil and Private Vehicles and Gross Domestic Product Growth in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2007 61 19 Growth of Municipal Solid Waste Production and Gross Domestic Product, 2000–2008 65 20 Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the People’s Republic of China (1980–2008), Compared to Selected Major Economies 70 21 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Project in the People’s Republic of China, Under Different Development Scenarios 72 22 Actual and Projected Total Energy Demand in the People’s Republic of China, 2000–2050 73 23 Schematic Diagram of the Environmental Supervision System in the People’s Republic of China 98 24 Investments in the Treatment of Environmental Pollution, 2004–2008 112 25 Sector Distribution of ADB Lending by Value, 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan Periods 152 26 ADB Lending, 1991–2010 172; Boxes 1 The Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Program 21 2 The People’s Republic of China–Global Environment Facility Partnership to Combat Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems 24 3 Tai Lake Cleanup 42
ix Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank ASL above sea level BAU business as usual bcm billion cubic meter Btce billion tons of coal equivalent CAS Chinese Academy of Sciences CCICED China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development CCS carbon capture and storage CDM clean development mechanism CEA country environmental analysis CMM coal mine methane CO2 carbon dioxide COD chemical oxygen demand CPS country partnership strategy DMC developing member country EARD East Asia Department (of ADB) EIA environmental impact assessment ENRPC Environment and Natural Resources Protection Committee (of the National People’s Congress) EPB Environmental Protection Bureau EPL Environmental Protection Law (of 1989) EU European Union GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG greenhouse gas Gt gigaton ha hectare IEA International Energy Agency IEM integrated ecosystem management IPCC International Panel on Climate Change kg kilogram km kilometer km 2 square kilometer m3 cubic meter MEP Ministry of Environmental Protection MLR Ministry of Land Resources MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOF Ministry of Finance MSW municipal solid waste x Abbreviations Mtpa million tons per annum MWR Ministry of Water Resources NBCC National Basic Construction Commission NDRC National Development and Reform Commission NEPA National Environmental Protection Administration NFPP National Forest Protection Program NFRI National Forest Resource Inventory NPC National People’s Congress NPS nonpoint source OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PMx particulate matter of defined size POPs persistent organic pollutants PPP purchasing power parity PRC People’s Republic of China RSC regional supervision center SEA strategic environmental assessment SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration SFA State Forestry Administration SLCP Sloping Land Conversion Program SO2 sulfur dioxide SOA State Oceanographic Administration SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TP total phosphorus TRWR total renewable water resource tSCE tons of standard coal equivalent UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States VOCs volatile organic compounds WWTP wastewater treatment plant;
Analysis of top important issues of protection of the environment, nature conservation.
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation;
https://5bio5.blogspot.com/2017/10/environment.html
**
22h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update
Recent relevant updates, in English, in Chinese:
Recent relevant updates, in English, in Chinese:
Information in Chinese:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d50d60b53d2fbbd12f520d;
On Fukushima disaster, in Chinese language. Also, on Tokaimura nuclear accident.
See attached files.
80 pictures and photos on Fukushima were attached to other recent updates to this project (see previous updates).
Additional Information - on radioactive contamination, on units that are used to characterize radiation - see in other recent updates to this project.
Fukushima disaster, 福岛第一核电站事故.pdf;
Radiation effects from Fukushima, 福島第一核電廠事故的輻射影響.pdf;
**
in English,
On Fukushima with 48 pictures:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d50a8eb53d2fbbd12f5133;
**
In English,
On Fukushima, with 34 pictures:
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d505fb4cde264cee69bf3b;
** in English,
34 articles were attached. Radiation, nuclear accidents, units to measure radiation.
It is important to protect man, biosphere, environment against hazards of radiation, redioactive contamination.
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d4e22a4cde26fa79da746e ;
**
23h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update:
On Fukushima disaster, in Chinese language. Also, on Tokaimura nuclear accident.
update to the project : https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation;
On Fukushima disaster, in Chinese. Also, on Tokaimura nuclear accident.
See attached files.
80 pictures and photos on Fukushima were attached to other recent updates to this project (see previous updates).
Additional Information - on radioactive contamination, on units that are used to characterize radiation - see in other recent updates to this project.
Fukushima disaster, 福岛第一核电站事故.pdf
884.75 KB
Radiation effects from Fukushima, 福島第一核電廠事故的輻射影響.pdf
389.20 KB
Tokaimura nuclear accident, 東海村JCO臨界意外.pdf
215.87 KB
23h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update
+41
on Fukushima, with pictures (48). Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. 66 pages. From Wikipedia
Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. 66 pages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster;
with 48 pictures.
📷
This article has multiple issues.
The neutrality of this article is disputed. (January 2013)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: the article is incoherent, rambling and poorly organized (January 2013)
📷
The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the worst nuclear incident in 25 years, displaced 50,000 households after radioactive material leaked into the air, soil and sea.[1] Radiation checks led to bans on some shipments of vegetables and fish.[2]
📷
Map of contaminated areas around the plant (22 March – 3 April).
📷
Fukushima dose rate comparison to other incidents and standards, with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events from 11 to 30 March.
📷
Radiation hotspot in Kashiwa, February 2012.
The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure, and the discharge of coolant water into the sea.[citation needed] This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant, and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013.[3] Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident, including iodine-131 and caesium-134/137, have since been detected around the world.[4][5][6]
The World Health Organization (WHO) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture. A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70% higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants (the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75% to 1.25%), a 7% higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants, a 6% higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4% higher risk, overall, of developing solid cancers for females.[7][8]
Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee…
23h ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update:
+29
Photo, pictures (34). Fukushima disaster reminds us: importance of attention to hazards of radioactive contamination. Pictures (34) on Fukushima disaster are added.
Fukushima disaster reminds us: importance of attention to hazards of radioactive contamination.
Pictures (34) on Fukushima disaster are added.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, 50 pages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster;
"Fukushima nuclear disaster" redirects here. For the incidents at Fukushima Daini (Fukushima II), see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant.
"2011 Japanese nuclear accidents" redirects here. For other 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents/incidents, see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant, and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
📷
Image on 16 March 2011 of the four damaged reactor buildings. From left to right: Unit 4, 3, 2, and 1. Hydrogen-air explosions occurred in Unit 1, 3, and 4, causing structural damage. A vent in Unit 2's wall, with water vapor/"steam" clearly visible, prevented a similar large explosion. Drone overflights on 20 March captured clearer images.[1]
Date
11 March 2011
Location
Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan
Coordinates
📷37°25′17″N 141°1′57″E
Outcome
INES Level 7 (major accident)[2][3]
Non-fatal injuries
37 with physical injuries,[4][not in citation given] 2 workers taken to hospital with possible radiation burns[5]
📷
IAEA experts at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 4, 2013
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (福島第一原子力発電所事故Fukushima Dai-ichi (📷 pronunciation) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko) was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.[6] Immediately after the earthquake, the active reactors automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions. However, the tsunami disabled the emergency generators that would have provided power to control and operate the pumps necessary to cool the reactors. The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns, hydrogen-air explosions, and the release of radioactive material in Units 1, 2, and 3 from 12 March to 15 March. Loss of cooling also caused the pool for storing spent fuel from Reactor 4 to overheat on 15 March due to the decay heat from the fuel rods.
On 5 July 2012, the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) found that the causes of the accident had been foreseeable, and that the plant operator, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), had failed to meet basic…
1d ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added an update
34 articles were attached. Radiation, nuclear accidents, units to measure radiation. It is important to protect man, biosphere, environment against hazards of radiation, redioactive contamination. I add some useful publications. I also add some publications on useful units.
34 articles were attached. Radiation, nuclear accidents, units to measure radiation.
It is important to protect man, biosphere, environment against hazards of radiation, redioactive contamination.
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Analysis-of-top-important-issues-of-protection-of-the-environment-nature-conservation/update/59d4e22a4cde26fa79da746e ;
I added 34 useful publications. I also added some publications on useful units.
Tags:
radiactive contamination, units of measurement,
radiation accidents, nuclear accidents, Fukushima, Tokaimura, radiation effects,
Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents.pdf
734.33 KB
Radiation accidents, 核事故.pdf
99.22 KB
list of links Nuclear incidents, Fukushima.docx
15.14 KB
2d ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added 5 project references
Temporal and spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphorus and eutrophication assessment for an arid river- Fuyang River in northern China
Article
Jul 2017
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth on city level: The Case Study of Chongqing in China
Article
Apr 2017
Ecological Indicators
Microalgae: An emerging source of energy based bio-products and a solution for environmental issues
Article
May 2017
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
4d ago
Sergei A. Ostroumov
added a research item
Source
Comment on the book. Qingfeng Zhang, Robert Crooks. Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future Country Environmental Analysis of the People’s Republic of China. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320145588;
Data
Jan 2017
Qingfeng Zhang
Robert Crooks
Sergei A. Ostroumov
This is an extended comment on book:
Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Future Country Environmental Analysis of the People’s Republic of China. (The full text of the book is attached as a PDF file). Authors of the book: Qingfeng Zhang, Robert Crooks. © 2012 Asian Development Bank; Published 2012. Printed in the Philippines; ISBN 978-92-9092-712-9 (Print), 978-92-9092-713-6 (PDF); Publication Stock No. RPT113974 Cataloging-In-Publication Data; This book is a detailed analysis of environmental issues of China. The book includes analysis of the issues of main components of the environment and biosphere, including air, water resources, land resources, biological resources (biodiversity, with special attention to forest resources). Issues of energy, economics and money allocation for environmental monitoring and protection are considered. The table of contents and an unformatted text of the book is given below. The full formatted text is available online here: see the attached PDF file. Content and unformatted text: Contents: List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes. vii; Abbreviations. ix; Foreword. xi; Acknowledgments. xiii; Executive Summary. xvi; 1. Introduction. 1; 2. The Environment and Development Framework. 4; 2.1. Introduction. 4; 2.2. The Pace of Economic Growth and Development. 4; 2.3. Sectoral Structure of the Economy. 6; 2.4. Energy. 7; 2.5. Urbanization. 10; 2.6. Future Prospects. 16; 3. Natural Resources Management. 18; 3.1. Climate and Topography. 18; 3.2. Land Resources and Land Degradation. 19; 3.3. Biodiversity. 23; 3.4. Forests. 28; 4. Water and Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management. 34; 4.1. Water Quantity and Quality. 34; 4.2. Air Quality and Sources of Air Pollution. 55; 4.3. Solid Waste. 64; 5. The Climate Change Agenda. 69; 5.1. Introduction. 69; 5.2. Contribution to Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China. 69; 5.3. How the People’s Republic of China Has Been and Might Be Affected by Climate Change. 73; 5.4. The Strategic Position of the People’s Republic of China on Climate Change. 80; 5.5. Climate Change Strategies under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015). 86; 5.6. Barriers. 87; 5.7. Role of the Asian Development Bank. 89; 6. Policy, Institutional, and Fiscal Frameworks for Environmental Protection 91; 6.1. Introduction. 91; 6.2. Strategic Framework and the “Three Shifts”. 91; 6.3. The Institutional Framework for Environmental Management and Protection. 92; 6.4. Changes in Laws, Regulations, and Related Instruments. 105; 6.5. Fiscal Dimensions of Environmental Management. 112; 6.6. Conclusion. 122; 7. Strategic Framework for Environmental Protection. 124; 7.1. Introduction. 124; 7.2. Macro-Environmental Strategy of the Ministry of Environmental ; Protection. 124; 7.3. The 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010). 127; 7.4. Environmental Strategy for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015). 138; 8. Implications for the Country Partnership Strategy. 149; 8.1. Introduction. 149; 8.2. Asian Development Bank’s Assistance Program. 151; 8.3. Private Sector Participation in ADB’s Environmental Projects. 159; 8.4. Environmental Assistance of Other Donors. 161; 8.5. Policy and Institutional Issues: Environmental Impact Assessment. 164; 8.6. Assessment of ADB Performance in the People’s Republic of China. 172; 8.7. Strategic Directions of the People’s Republic of China and Possible Areas of ADB Assistance. 174; References 187; Figures (26), and Boxes(3): Figures (26): 1 Real Gross Domestic Product Growth of BRIC Countries and the United States, 1990–2008. 5; 2 Composition of Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1998–2009. 7; 3 Economic Energy Intensity and Per Capita Energy Consumption, 1990–2009. 8; 4 Economic Efficiency of Energy Consumption, 2000–2007. 9; 5 Components of the Energy Mix in the People’s Republic of China, 1990–2008. 9; 6 Urban and Rural Population Trends, 1982–2008. 11; 7 Annual Plantation Establishment Rates, 2001–2007. 32; 8 Total Water Consumption and Sector Consumption, 2000–2008. 36; 9 Water Utilization Rates by River Basin. 38; 10 General Surface Water Quality Trends, 1998–2009. 40; 11 Water Quality of Key Lakes and Reservoirs, 2003–2009. 41; 12 Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Flows and Chemical Oxygen Demand Loads, 1999–2009. 46; 13 Major Sources of Industrial Chemical Oxygen Demand Discharges. 47; 14 Livestock Numbers in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2005. 50; 15 Ambient Urban Air Quality Trends, 1999–2009. 56; 16 Changes in Air Pollutant Emission Intensities, 1997 and 2009. 58; 17 Industrial Air Emissions, 1998–2009. 60; 18 Number of Civil and Private Vehicles and Gross Domestic Product Growth in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2007. 61; 19 Growth of Municipal Solid Waste Production and Gross Domestic Product, 2000–2008. 65; 20 Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the People’s Republic of China (1980–2008), Compared to Selected Major Economies. 70; 21 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Project in the People’s Republic of China, Under Different Development Scenarios. 72; 22 Actual and Projected Total Energy Demand in the People’s Republic of China, 2000–205. 73; 23 Schematic Diagram of the Environmental Supervision System in the People’s Republic of China. 98; 24 Investments in the Treatment of Environmental Pollution, 2004–2008. 112; 25 Sector Distribution of ADB Lending by Value, 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan Periods. 152; 26 ADB Lending, 1991–2010. 172; Boxes: 1 The Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Program. 21; 2 The People’s Republic of China–Global Environment Facility Partnership to Combat Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems. 24; 3 Tai Lake Cleanup. 42;
** The full text (unformatted):
Toward an environmentally sustainable future: Country environmental analysis of the People’s Republic of China. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012. 1. Environment. 2. People’s Republic of China. I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Asian Development Bank; 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City; 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines; Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444; www.adb.org; For orders, please contact: Department of External Relations; Fax +63 2 636 2648 adbpub@adb.org
iii Endorsements
“This monograph not only presents an integrated summary of what the People’s Republic of China has achieved during the 11th Five-Year Plan toward sustainable development, but also dedicates an in-depth discussion of the development of major environmental policies and programs the People’s Republic of China has been undergoing over the last 3 decades. An assessment of the country’s current environmental and ecological situations further highlights the grand challenges the People’s Republic of China is facing for development while protecting the environment in the future. Its major conclusions and recommendations are constructive, critical, and valuable not only to the government but also to the international sustainable communities as well as the general public.”
Chen Jining Professor and President Tsinghua University
“Protecting the environment remains one of the great global challenges of our time. The Asian Development Bank has been instrumental in providing policy and technical analysis for the environmental efforts of the People’s Republic of China. The second Country Environmental Analysis provides a comprehensive review on the government’s environmental achievements during the period of the 11th Five-Year Plan and supplies insightful recommendations on how the country should approach sustainability in the future while maintaining rapid economic growth. This report is a great resource for policy makers and researchers who desire to grasp the current state of the People’s Republic of China’s environmental progress.”
Manish Bapna Executive Vice President and Managing Director World Resources Institute
v Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes vii; Abbreviations ix; Foreword xi; Acknowledgments xiii; Executive Summary xvi; 1. Introduction 1; 2. The Environment and Development Framework 4; 2.1 Introduction 4; 2.2 The Pace of Economic Growth and Development 4; 2.3 Sectoral Structure of the Economy 6; 2.4 Energy 7; 2.5 Urbanization 10; 2.6 Future Prospects 16; 3. Natural Resources Management 18; 3.1 Climate and Topography 18; 3.2 Land Resources and Land Degradation 19; 3.3 Biodiversity 23; 3.4 Forests 28; 4. Water and Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management 34; 4.1 Water Quantity and Quality 34; 4.2 Air Quality and Sources of Air Pollution 55; 4.3 Solid Waste 64; 5. The Climate Change Agenda 69; 5.1 Introduction 69; 5.2 Contribution to Climate Change of the People’s Republic of China 69; 5.3 How the People’s Republic of China Has Been and Might Be Affected by Climate Change 73; 5.4 The Strategic Position of the People’s Republic of China on Climate Change 80; 5.5 Climate Change Strategies under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) 86; 5.6 Barriers 87; 5.7 Role of the Asian Development Bank 89; vi Contents; 6. Policy, Institutional, and Fiscal Frameworks for Environmental Protection 91; 6.1 Introduction 91; 6.2 Strategic Framework and the “Three Shifts” 91; 6.3 The Institutional Framework for Environmental Management and Protection 92; 6.4 Changes in Laws, Regulations, and Related Instruments 105; 6.5 Fiscal Dimensions of Environmental Management 112; 6.6 Conclusion 122; 7. Strategic Framework for Environmental Protection 124; 7.1 Introduction 124; 7.2 Macro-Environmental Strategy of the Ministry of Environmental ; Protection 124; 7.3 The 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 127; 7.4 Environmental Strategy for the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) 138; 8. Implications for the Country Partnership Strategy 149; 8.1 Introduction 149; 8.2 Asian Development Bank’s Assistance Program 151; 8.3 Private Sector Participation in ADB’s Environmental Projects 159; 8.4 Environmental Assistance of Other Donors 161; 8.5 Policy and Institutional Issues: Environmental Impact Assessment 164; 8.6 Assessment of ADB Performance in the People’s Republic of China 172; 8.7 Strategic Directions of the People’s Republic of China and Possible Areas of ADB Assistance 174; References 187; vii Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1 Cities of the People’s Republic of China, by Population Size, 2005 12 2 Urban Population Projections, 2005–2025 14 3 Biodiversity of the People’s Republic of China in Comparison to the World’s Biodiversity 25 4 Biodiversity Endemicity of the People’s Republic of China 25 5 Forest Area by Forest Classification, 7th National Forest Resource Inventory 29 6 Forestland by Arbor Age Class, 6th and 7th National Forest Resource Inventory 29 7 Six Main Forestry Programs of the People’s Republic of China 30 8 Average Total Renewable Water Resources, 1956–2007 35 9 Differences in Water Quality between Northern and Southern Rivers, 2009 40 10 Summary of 2007 National Groundwater Quality Survey 44 11 Estimated Nonpoint Water Pollution Discharges 48 12 Proportion of Livestock Subsector Production from Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises 51 13 Climate-Related Disasters and their Socioeconomic Impacts on the People’s Republic of China, 1900–2010 76 14 Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources 78 15 Projected Climate Change and Agricultural Productivity by 2080, Business-as-Usual Scenario 79 16 Employees and Budgets of the Ministries of Environment in Selected Countries 96 17 Environmental Capacity Building under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 100 18 Main Laws for Natural Resources and Environmental Management Approved since 2006 106 19 Expenditures under Item 211 for 2008 and 2009 114 20 Revenues Collected and Disbursements Made by Level of Government, 2007 115 21 Summary of Special Funds for Environmental Protection Administered through the Ministry of Finance 116 22 Macroeconomic Assumptions for the 11th Five-Year Plan Period 128 23 Primary Environmental Objectives and Achievements under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 129 24 Key Qualitative Objectives under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 131 25 Other Objectives and Achievements of Environmental Relevance under the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 132 26 Capacity Building Programs for the 11th Five-Year Plan Period 133 27 Environment, Natural Resources, and Agriculture Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 153 28 Environment, Natural Resources, and Agriculture Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 154 29 Urban and Social Development Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 155 viii Tables, Figures, and Boxes 30 Urban Development Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 155 31 Energy Sector Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 156 32 Energy Sector Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 157 33 Transport Sector Lending by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 158 34 Transport Sector Technical Assistance by Project, 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010) 158 35 Summary of Issues Arising from the Implementation of the Safeguard Policy Statement in the People’s Republic of China 166 36 Non-Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Delivered during the 9th, 10th, and 11th Five-Year Plans 173; Figures 1 Real Gross Domestic Product Growth of BRIC Countries and the United States, 1990–2008 5 2 Composition of Gross Domestic Product by Sector, 1998–2009 7 3 Economic Energy Intensity and Per Capita Energy Consumption, 1990–2009 8 4 Economic Efficiency of Energy Consumption, 2000–2007 9 5 Components of the Energy Mix in the People’s Republic of China, 1990–2008 9 6 Urban and Rural Population Trends, 1982–2008 11 7 Annual Plantation Establishment Rates, 2001–2007 32 8 Total Water Consumption and Sector Consumption, 2000–2008 36 9 Water Utilization Rates by River Basin 38 10 General Surface Water Quality Trends, 1998–2009 40 11 Water Quality of Key Lakes and Reservoirs, 2003–2009 41 12 Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Flows and Chemical Oxygen Demand Loads, 1999–2009 46 13 Major Sources of Industrial Chemical Oxygen Demand Discharges 47 14 Livestock Numbers in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2005 50 15 Ambient Urban Air Quality Trends, 1999–2009 56 16 Changes in Air Pollutant Emission Intensities, 1997 and 2009 58 17 Industrial Air Emissions, 1998–2009 60 18 Number of Civil and Private Vehicles and Gross Domestic Product Growth in the People’s Republic of China, 1978–2007 61 19 Growth of Municipal Solid Waste Production and Gross Domestic Product, 2000–2008 65 20 Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the People’s Republic of China (1980–2008), Compared to Selected Major Economies 70 21 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Project in the People’s Republic of China, Under Different Development Scenarios 72 22 Actual and Projected Total Energy Demand in the People’s Republic of China, 2000–2050 73 23 Schematic Diagram of the Environmental Supervision System in the People’s Republic of China 98 24 Investments in the Treatment of Environmental Pollution, 2004–2008 112 25 Sector Distribution of ADB Lending by Value, 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan Periods 152 26 ADB Lending, 1991–2010 172; Boxes 1 The Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Program 21 2 The People’s Republic of China–Global Environment Facility Partnership to Combat Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems 24 3 Tai Lake Cleanup 42
ix Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank ASL above sea level BAU business as usual bcm billion cubic meter Btce billion tons of coal equivalent CAS Chinese Academy of Sciences CCICED China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development CCS carbon capture and storage CDM clean development mechanism CEA country environmental analysis CMM coal mine methane CO2 carbon dioxide COD chemical oxygen demand CPS country partnership strategy DMC developing member country EARD East Asia Department (of ADB) EIA environmental impact assessment ENRPC Environment and Natural Resources Protection Committee (of the National People’s Congress) EPB Environmental Protection Bureau EPL Environmental Protection Law (of 1989) EU European Union GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG greenhouse gas Gt gigaton ha hectare IEA International Energy Agency IEM integrated ecosystem management IPCC International Panel on Climate Change kg kilogram km kilometer km 2 square kilometer m3 cubic meter MEP Ministry of Environmental Protection MLR Ministry of Land Resources MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOF Ministry of Finance MSW municipal solid waste x Abbreviations Mtpa million tons per annum MWR Ministry of Water Resources NBCC National Basic Construction Commission NDRC National Development and Reform Commission NEPA National Environmental Protection Administration NFPP National Forest Protection Program NFRI National Forest Resource Inventory NPC National People’s Congress NPS nonpoint source OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PMx particulate matter of defined size POPs persistent organic pollutants PPP purchasing power parity PRC People’s Republic of China RSC regional supervision center SEA strategic environmental assessment SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration SFA State Forestry Administration SLCP Sloping Land Conversion Program SO2 sulfur dioxide SOA State Oceanographic Administration SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TP total phosphorus TRWR total renewable water resource tSCE tons of standard coal equivalent UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US United States VOCs volatile organic compounds WWTP wastewater treatment plant;
