Importance of pollution studies. Triangle of death: polluted site in Italy.
Relevant publications that considers issues of pollution and pollution control:
https://5bio5.blogspot.com/2017/09/pollution_23.html
Content:
1. Some scientific publications on issues of environmental pollution;
2. A dramatic example of a polluted site in Italy: so called 'Triangle of Death'.
Relevant publications, selected:
(Note: these scientific publications consider relevant issues of aquatic pollution, water quality, water self-purifcation; they are not connected with the case of Triangle of death)
Pollution to-day, example:
a case of Triangle of Death (Italy):
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A part of the text of the article ' Triangle of death' in Wikipedia, with some changes and edits:
The term "triangle of death" was first used with regard to the region in an August 2004 scientific publication.
An estimated 550,000 people live in this area. The annual death rate per 100,000 inhabitants from liver cancer is close to 34.5 for men and 20.8 for women, as compared to the national average of 14. The death rate for bladder cancer and cancer of the central nervous system is higher than in other European countries, although by a more modest increment.
Campania, overall, has a lower-than-average cancer mortality rate than Italy.
The high death rate is due to illegal and improper hazardous waste disposal from various outside and Italian government censored sources and transported by various organized crime groups including the Camorra. [7]
The Lancet Oncology article noted:
Today, the difference between lawful management of waste and illegal manipulation with regard to their compliance with health regulations is very narrow, and the health risks are rising.
— Alfredo Mazza, The Lancet Oncology, vol. 5, September 2004
and
The 5000 illegal or uncontrolled landfill sites in Italy drew particular criticism; Italy has already been warned twice for flouting the Hazardous Waste Directive and the Landfill Directive, and the EU has now referred Italy to the European Court of Justice for further action.
— The Lancet Oncology, vol. 5, September 2004
Though some media outlets report France[2] and Germany [8] as waste sources the EU remains silent as to the sources of the waste and specifically the nuclear waste in their criticisms and demands of Italy.
Epidemiological research by the World Health Organization
Cancer death rate
In the following table, the death rate for every more common cancer that appear in the triangle of death, is reported. These data are according to the study published by The Lancet Oncology.
Cancer Italy Campania ASL NA4
Liver (men) 14.0 15.0 38.4
Liver (women) 6.0 8.5 20.8
Bladder (men) 16.6 21.7 22.9
Bladder (women) 3.8 4.2 4.3
Central Nervous System (men) 6.2 7.1 8.5
Central Nervous System (women) 4.8 4.1 5.6
Incidenza tumori nel triangolo della morte Acerra-Nola-Marigliano.png
In 2007, research[9] conducted by the World Health Organization, Italian Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Campania Region collected data on cancer and congenital abnormalities in 196 municipalities covering the period between 1994 and 2002 found abnormally high disease incidence. These abnormal patterns may correlate to areas where there are uncontrolled waste sites. However, this work also highlighted the difficulty in determining causality and in establishing a link between increased death and malformation rates and waste disposal.
A US Navy study denied any real ill effects to on base personal while however advising their off base personal to drink bottled water citing polluted wells. The US Navy report denied any signs of nuclear waste dumping instead related the traces of Uranium to volcanic activity.[10][11]
Local studies [12] and the Italian government
Illegal toxic waste dumping in Campania[edit]
See also: Naples waste management issue
The boss of the Casalesi clan, Gaetano Vassallo, admitted to systematically working for 20 years to bribe local politicians and officials to gain their acquiescence to dumping toxic waste.[13][14] Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italian Republic, said in June 2008:[15][16]
It is certain, not only to citizens but to the government as well, that the systematic transfer of toxic waste from industries in Northern Italy to Campania, was committed by the Camorra
— Giorgio Napolitano, 4-06-2008.
Dangerous pollutants such as dioxins, are found in the area, particularly around Acerra,[17] as well as illegal waste disposal,[18] even in the business district of Montefibre.[19] As early as 1987, a decree of the Ministry of Environment marked Acerra "at high risk of environmental crisis".[20]
High levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected both in the soil and in the inhabitants of the region, though no obvious emitters are known.[21] It is hypothesized that industrial slurry originating from Porto Marghera (industrial docklands near Venice) was disguised as compost and spread on fields in the Acerra countryside by the Casalesi clan, often with help from the landowners.[22][23]
In one case, a company had its assets seized during a 2006 investigation[24] in which it was alleged that the company had illegally disposed of waste from industries in the regions of Veneto and Tuscany in the territories of Bacoli, Giugliano and Qualiano. Approximately one million tonnes of toxic waste are said to have been disposed of, earning €27 million. The company was already the subject of a 2003 investigation.[25] In another case, a tank full of toxic substances was found buried in an illegal dump, in Marigliano.[26][27]
The illegal burning of waste, for example to recover copper from wiring,[28][29] is known to release dioxins into ...
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