A 1997 paper from Deborah Brautigam:
This article examines the recent dynamic industrialization experience in one town, Nnewi, part of eastern Nigeria's “industrial axis.” The article suggests that insights from institutional economics can be used to help explain the case of dynamic industrialization in an unpromising economic environment. Nnewi industrialists have successfully filled the gaps left by failures of both the market and the state. In particular, by using both international linkages and alternative, culturally-based networks, they have reduced information uncertainties and principal-agent problems, lowering the transaction costs faced by other would-be industrialists in Nigeria.