Tracing cyanobacteria's tree of life in Earth's extreme environments

The tree of life of cyanobacteria, a key group of microorganisms widely considered to be the most successful on Earth, which emphasises cyanobacteria from extremely cold habitats such as the Poles and the high mountains on every continent, has been reconstructed by Dr Patricia Sanchez-Baracaldo and colleagues from the Glaciology Centre in Bristol's School of Geographical Sciences.

This lake on the Greenland Ice Sheet holds huge amounts of dust and organic 
matter which is bound together by filamentous cyanobacteria 
[Credit: Nathan Chrismas]

Once considered inhospitable masses of ice, polar and alpine regions thrive with microbial life. Cyanobacteria have adapted to these extremely cold and hostile environments where essential nutrients are very limited. These microorganisms are capable of transforming energy from sunlight into sugars using carbon dioxide and water.

Dr Sanchez-Baracaldo said: "Our analyses have revealed that some cyanobacteria adapted to extreme cold environments independently at different times in Earth's history. In fact, we see that cyanobacteria capable of coping with extreme cold habitats are found across the cyanobacteria tree of life."

The researchers also found that some cyanobacteria from the Arctic and Antarctica share a common ancestor. This suggests that they go far back in history to a time when the Earth was covered with ice.

Dr Sanchez-Baracaldo said: "Cyanobacteria are extremely important in these habitats because they help mediate some basic processes for life in the cryosphere such as the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, making possible the biosynthesis of amino acids."

Co-author Nathan Chrismas, a PhD student in Bristol's School of Geographical Sciences, said: "To survive in cold environments, cyanobacteria have to be able to withstand huge environmental pressures. As well as constant low temperatures and freezing, they may also be subjected to high UV radiation and desiccation, depending on their habitat. Some of the adaptations needed to survive such stresses are also essential in hot arid environments and are useful in many temperate environments too.

"Knowing how all these organisms are related to each other and how these adaptations developed is essential to our understanding of how cyanobacteria have evolved."

Source: University of Bristol [October 22, 2015]