France, Coordination of Anarchist Groups - Resistors
libertarian 2 - The global anarchist movement: History &
Achievements (fr, it, pt) [machine translation] (a-infos-en@ainfos.ca)
We are often told that anarchism does not exist anywhere, it is in the very minor or no
history, he never managed to achieve anything that works, but history and the anarchist
movement today ' hui completely invalidate these ideas. These often have a goal in
authoritarian mouth to destabilize us and be sure · e · s that anarchism is not well known
or even overshadowed by those that would impede most. Today the anarchist movement taken
in its broadest sense is relevant because it is remained as it always was. He was not
ashamed of his past, one might even say it has been a powerful engine of social progress.
---- Anarchism and the myth of the five outstanding episodes ---- The history of anarchism
with its five outstanding episodes (Haymarket in 1887, the Amiens Charter of the CGT
(French) 1906, the Kronstadt revolt in 1921, the Spanish revolution of 36-39, the
uprisings of May 1968 ) does not seem relevant because it gives a confused view of what
anarchism and really gives the impression that anarchism is only an accident of history, a
utopian idea doomed to minority policy fail and end up in the dustbin of history. Often
the contents of the Kronstadt revolt and May 68 is inflated while the anarchists there
were very low or even marginal; Ukrainian revolution is seen as a secondary event in the
shadow of the Russian Revolution, as she is a true revolutionary process. This way of
telling anarchism, ignores the influence of high revolutions anarchist influence, Morelos
and Baja California, Mexico from 1910-1920, the town of the prefecture of Shin Min
(Xinmin) in Manchuria (1929-1931) the Escambray Mountains (Cuba), the fight clandestine
unions of Cuba (1952-1959), common anarchists in Spain in 1873 to 1874 and Macedonia in
1903. It remains ultimately very europeo-centered and Western. Yet anarchism remains
deeply internationalist and has a global reach. He was dominant in the labor movement.
Methods anarchist struggles are echoed by tou · te · s more completely or partially, as
they are often the most effective.
In some of his individualistic tendencies or insurrectionist anarchism of small groups
tend to want to stay connected to life , down as imaging libertarian alone with the world
around him as a martyr already condemned, cursed revolutionary they want to embody. We
will see that these trends have undermined some of anarchism by making it inaudible.
First wave (1868-1894)
If anarchism has been so successful is that at that time classical Marxism had neither
reached out to peasant · no · s or the colonized countries.
The anarchist movement has spread dramatically in worldwide, creating revolutionary unions
and anarchists in 1870 first in Cuba, Mexico, the United States, Uruguay, Spain and Egypt
and Cuba.
There is a first wave of revolutionary anarchists and union organizations: the Spanish
Regional Federation in 1868, the proletarian circle in Mexico City in 1869, the Regional
Federation of the Republic of Eastern Uruguay in 1872, the Central Council of artisans of
Cuba in 1885, the central labor union in the United States in 1883. Within a few years
these organizations amount to thousands of member · e · s (60 000 for Spain, for example,
15,000 for Mexico ). Of these 5 countries, 3 will be upset by a highly motivated anarchist
revolution. The role of the anarchists in the Cuban revolution is largely unknown in
1952-1959. In Russia the movement will be crushed quickly as in the US where the movement
remained a minority. In the case of the Paris Commune in 1871, although it is not an
anarchist uprising itself, workers' control was prefigured by the Bakuninists
insurrections in Paris and Marseille. The defeat of the Commune and repression have led to
strong diaspora communard · e · s in various countries and those exiled · e · s will play
a key role in the radicalization of the labor movement. Spanish regional labor federation
creates its own common when Cantonalist revolt from 1873 to 1874. Despite its weaknesses
this model will inspire anarchist experiences in large scale thereafter. In 1877, the
dissolution of the AIT gives way to black or international antiauthoritarian
International. Over time the insurrectionist tendency took power on the organization and
the organization becomes increasingly purist. Generally it is the beginning of defeat for
the workers movements, terrorism has become fashionable. The labor movement will pay the
expensive price.
Second wave (1895-1923)
"The historic mission of the working class to abolish capitalism. Production forces should
be organized not only for the everyday struggle against the capitalists, but also to
continue production when capitalism is overthrown. By organizing us within industries, we
create a new society within the old. "IWW
"The immediate improvement in the condition of employees is one side of the opening of
syndicalism: it prepares complete emancipation with, as a policy, the general strike, and
he considers the union aujourd 'hui resistance array, will in the future the group of
production and distribution, social reorganization base. "Charter of Amiens in 1906 CGT
In the Netherlands the national secretariat of work reached 18,700 members in 1895, the
revolutionary and anarchist syndicalism propagates with the French CGT; the federation of
labor exchanges in France 203 000 members in 1906. With the Charter of Amiens in 1906, the
revolutionary unionism grew strongly; the preamble to the IWW will have the same effect in
English speaking countries.
Direct democracy is used as in the French and Spanish towns during the revolts of
Macedonia in 1903 and in Russia in 1905-1907.
Anarchist guerrillas involved in the founding of the Macedonian municipalities Strandja
and Krusevo and the first Russian soviets in St. Petersburg and Moscow are created by
anarchists. During the revolts in Poland created the anarchist black cross; Today 64
countries have a section. The IWW was founded in 1905 with strong references to the
abolition of wage labor, but remains syndicalist. It spreads like wildfire in the mainly
English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, South Africa,
Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Germany, Ukraine, Siberia.
The International Congress of Amiens brings together more than 80 delegates · e · s with
including Argentina, Austria, Bulgaria, Japan, Russia, Serbia, the United States. The
organizational trend prevails, and there act as the organization of working people does
not replace the specifically anarchist political organization, it is stated organizational
dualism.
Following this conference, delegates · e · s will create a multitude of specific anarchist
organizations, such as the anarchist communist alliance in 1910 in France. FORA in
Argentina in 1903 inspired the creation of the FORB Brazil FORCH Chile, Colombia FOC, FOH
Havana FORM Mexico POERT Peru, Paraguay FORPA the FROV Venezuela. The Spanish CNT was
founded in 1910, the Portuguese national workers' union was created in 1914.
In Mexico in 1910 a great revolution broke anarchist influences, revolutionary and
anarchist unions are working with the peasant militias · no · s and worker · e · s armies.
Two new revolutions broke out in Ukraine and Russia working with a very strong
self-organization.
In Ukraine the revolutionary army functions on a voluntary basis and pluralistic
(anarchists, revolutionary socialists maximalists, fighting · e · s · e · unaffiliated s
and dissident Bolsheviks · e · s), officers are elected y · e · s. The political and
social orientations are decided by peasant congresses · no · s · e · worker s and
insurgent · e · s. This organization is linked informally to anarcho-communist group of
vile-Gulay Polye and movement Nabat (the tocsin in French). There are links with unions
and other revolutionary anarchist federations of Russia and Altai, but also with
self-managed enterprises and black guards protecting self-managed factories.
Unfortunately, the Ukrainian revolutionaries do · · s and Russian are strangled · e · s by
the Bolsheviks.
Syndicalist Congress in London, many and many delegate · e · s · e · are present and s
internationalism is high, giving the creation of an international trade union information
office.
In 1922, the union union affiliated with the IWW Italian represents half a million
workers, the Fora Argentina 200 000, 150 000 Portuguese CGT.
All this wave leads to the recognition of the day from 8am, increasing the quality of
general education or a fierce battle against the monarchies.
The failure of the Russian revolutions, Mexican and Ukrainian surely disgusted many
anarchists who are removed · e · s social struggles and when they have not been killed · e
· s to war and let the free voice Bolshevism.
After the defeat of Ukraine, part of the Ukrainian anarchists · no · s proposed a draft
text, the platform, which reaffirms the need for a dual political organization and mass.
This text wagging the anarchist movement which is divided between organizational · s
platformiste synthésite type and representing a looser vision of the organization. The
organizational trend in France gives heart to the creation of an anarcho-communist
international federation in 1927 with sections and CEO · e · s China, Italy, Poland and
Spain. In Bulgaria the platformist trend dominates and creates the federation of
anarcho-communists in Bulgaria and Ukraine adopts platform as founding text. This is
surely one of the reasons why it has resisted fascist violence putchs in 1923 and 1934,
but also to the Second World War, before being crushed by the Marxists and fascists in
1948. The Nabat who was basically a nearby organization synthésistes became during the war
almost platformist an organization which was not an affinity organization, but rather an
organization with political affinities.
Third wave (1923-1949)
With the success of Bolshevik propaganda, anarchists losing ground, except in Latin
America and in the Far East. They, and they also face reformism. Significant struggles are
waged against fascism and imperialism in Bulgaria and Korea. Two large anarchist
organizations were created in 1928, the Eastern Anarchist Federation with members in
China, Japan, Korea, Formosa (Tawain), Vietnam and India. At the initiative of the Korean
Anarchist Federation in China in 1930 is based in Shanghai, the Federation of Korean Youth
in South China with representative · e · s Manchurian Korea, Japan and China.
In 1928 is created American Continental Association of Workers with groups in Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay,
Peru and Uruguay . The Manchu revolution broke out in 1929 to 1931. In 1929 is created the
Anarchist Federation in Manchuria. General A Korean League · · s is not created that will
govern the country in self-management. In 1931 it was crushed by the Japanese invasion.
The FACC FACM and are forced to retreat and continue to fight Japanese imperialism
alongside their Chinese comrades · es.
In 1936 the Spanish social revolution breaks out with the Spanish CNT and the Iberian
Anarchist Federation, which does not claim the platformism but the synthésisme.
Compromises, betrayals and repression of Franco, Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin eventually
crush the Spanish Revolution. In France the international syndicalist federation was
founded and led to the creation of the French CNT with the help of the Francophone
Anarchist Federation. In Bulgaria the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Bulgaria reborn. In
Italy the Italian Anarchist Communist Federation was founded in 1944. The Japanese
Anarchist Federation was founded in 1945. The Libertarian Socialist Federation was created
in 1974, encompasses Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and the North African libertarian movement
created in 1948. The Spanish anarchist defeat as it causes a diaspora that will influence
the anarchists in the world: Cuba, France, Mexico or Venezuela. The anarcho-syndicalist
movement in China has 10 000 members in Canton and Shanghai despite difficult conditions.
In 1948 in Paris the commission is based anarchist international relations, its objective
is to facilitate relations between the members of the anarchist movement after the war. A
sister organization created in Latin America, in 1958 she became the anarchist
international commission that lasts until 1960.
Fourth wave (1950-1989)
Fascism progresses, the Maoist totalitarianism took over China, Korea is enclosed between
two forms of totalitarianism closed to libertarian options. The Cuban anarchists · e · s
trigger the Cuban revolution from 1952 to 1959 and led the fight in the Libertarian
Association of Cuba and the clandestine CGT. Anarchists have played a strong role until
the gains are destroyed by Castro. Anarchists in Chile, gathered · e · s in the single
central of workers dominate among maritime workers, the shoemaker · e · s printers and
printing machines. In 1956 a general strike paralyzed the country, the regime proposes to
cede power to the CUT. Socialists and Marxists refuse to continue the general strike when
it could lead to workers' control. In Argentina anarcho-syndicalism remains powerful. In
Yunnan province in China, in the years 1940-1950, anarchists Chu Cha Pei guerrilla regain
Makhnovist model. In Bolivia the anarchists are the majority in the union, the
anarcho-syndicalist workers and Bolivian regional federation of women workers last until
1964. In Southern Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe) unionism is heavily inspired anarchist theses.
The majority of trade union activities have been separated from their anarchist origins.
In 1956 FAU is created. In 1972 it set up a National Convention of Workers (CNT) 400 000
strong membership · e · s. Spain and China, the anarchist guerrillas greatly harm the
Maoists and Franco authorities. The working class is at risk and will not resume walking
with the strong signal of 1968.
Armed groups displaying anarchists at this time are the revolutionary mass organization in
Uruguay, libertarian resistance against the dictatorship in Argentina, the release group
Workers (Shagila) in Iraq, the cry of the people in Iran. The latter two organizations
have developed an anarchist practice while being almost completely isolated, they
intervene in the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979, the most recent revolution in which
anarchists armed groups intervened. In 68 recreates the Anarchist Black Cross and the
International Anarchist Federations on the network of anarchist international commission.
It consists of the Francophone Anarchist Federation, anarchist organizations from
Argentina, Australia, Great Britain, From Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, the Netherlands,
Switzerland, Greece, d Germany, Bulgaria (the Bulgarian libertarian union in exile), the
clandestine Spanish ISP, the Cuban anarchist movement in exile, a group of Vietnamese · no
· s in exile, a Chinese anarchist federation. It has links with anarchist federations in
Australia, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, Quebec, Scotland and Sweden.
The end of the fascist regimes in Portugal and Spain in 1974 and 1975 respectively causes
a rise in the CNT. This proliferation of organizations shows the resurgence of anarchist.
There is also the return of libertarian tendencies in Russia with a pirate radio in 1970
in Leningrad, where illegal anarcho-syndicalist organization is based. Student · e · s
anarchists are arrested the same year in Ukraine for trying to create the Communist League
of Anarchists, the Polish federation is established in 1988, and anarcho syndicalist
federation of Czechoslovakia in 1989. Unions are created with anarchists unsuspected
origins as the Federation of South African Trade Unions or elsewhere in the world.
Fifth wave (1990-present)
The neo-fascists and death squads financed by the US in 1980 in Latin America crush the
revolts and the anarchist movement. In Western Europe and the United States, isolated
anarchists · e · s popular classes deviate from anarchism and approach of terrorism or
Maoism. After the fall of the Soviet bloc, the underground by anarchists founded the
Polish Anarchist Federation, the anarcho-syndicalist federation of Czechoslovakia, the
confederation of anarcho-syndicalists in Russia, the creation of the anarcho-syndicalist
confederation Nestor Makno Ukraine. Of maknovistes also create groups in Greece and
Turkey. Autonomous Action organization claims to anarcho-communism and has branches in
twenty cities of Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, but is closer to a
synthesist organization. The creation of anarcho-syndicalists organizations in the former
Marxist dictatorships like Cuba suggests that there could be a move in the near future,
especially if totalitarianism loses its grip in China, Vietnam and North Korea.
It also included the creation of organizations especifistas in Latin America, including
Costa Rica, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia, and the emergence of a platformist organization in
Guyana. The 1994 uprising in Mexico served as inspiration maknoviste and established
organizations like the Indigenous People's Council of Oaxaca Ricardo Flores Magnon. In
Africa several organizations were created as the anarchist left for individual freedoms in
the republic in Senegal, an IWW in the diamond mines in Sierra Leone in the mid-90s, the
movement of student · e · s and worker · is · s anarchists in Zambia in 1998, the
Collective Wiyathi in Kenya in 2000. In places where the legacy of the movement is thin
league creates awareness in Nigeria, affiliate anarchist resistance movement anarchist
federation Durban which are the precursors of the communist anarchist organization
Zabalaza (fight), an organization especifista. The anarchist movement in the United
States, long plagued by individualism and primitivism, is rediscovered in 2000 with the
creation of the federation of federations of libertarian communists northeastern Canada
and the United States and allows the creation of organizations similar regional (today
these organizations continue to exist, but under a different structure, Black Rose for the
United States for example).
The basic alternative unions and reinforce with a revolutionary influence and / or
libertarian. The anarcho-communist organizations connaisent renewed, revolutionary unions
too. Anarchist groups are created in regions where the anarchist tradition is limited or
non-existent such as Costa Rica, Estonia, Israel, French Guiana, Palestine, Lebanon, the
Iranian diaspora, Turkey, Slovakia, Swaziland or Zimbabwe, or the creation of libertarian
socialist movement in Egypt following the Arab spring. All these experiments show that,
far from being a minority trend in the socialist movement, anarchism has often been the
motor. The new company is possible and it is necessary that anarchism is the engine of
social struggles. The liberation movement is global, so we must organize and unite us as
possible. Tools anarchists such as direct democracy, sovereign assemblies, revocable
mandatements are rediscovered by social struggles. In the words of New York Times,
anarchism is the idea that refused to die. She is not ready to stop and we think it will
take a key role in the downfall of many dictatorships and future revolutions to come.
Yanis, group Clermont
_________________________________________
Sources:
1. Mapping revolutionary anarchism Michael Schmidt
2. Social Anarchism and Organization - Farj
3. World History of anarchy - Gaetano Manfredonia
4. For more information about non-Western anrarchismes translations are on this site:
http: //ablogm.com/cats/
http://www.c-g-a.org/motion/le-mouvement-anarchiste-mondial-histoire-realisations
