08.11.2014. Notification from Internet. Recent citation, Sweden: Recently this paper was cited in Sweden. Ostroumov, S. A. (2005) Suspension-feeders as factors influencing water quality in aquatic ecosystems. In The comparative roles of suspension-feeders in ecosystems, eds. R. F. Dame & S. Olenin, 147-164. New York: Springer. Tags: citation, filter-feeders, mussels, water filtration, water self-purification, marine ecology, ecotoxicology, environmental toxicology, ocean pollution, surfactants, detergents, Cited in: Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, titled: Blue Oceans with Blue Mussels - Management and planning of mussel farming in coastal ecosystems. Author: Per Bergström; 2014, University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; 57 pages.

08.11.2014. Notification from Internet. Recent citation, Sweden:
Recently this paper was cited in Sweden, University of Gothenburg,.
Ostroumov, S. A. (2005) Suspension-feeders as factors influencing water quality in aquatic ecosystems. In 
The comparative roles of suspension-feeders in ecosystems, eds. R. F. Dame & S. Olenin, 147-164. 
New York: Springer.
Tags: citation, filter-feeders, mussels, water filtration, water self-purification, marine ecology, ecotoxicology, environmental toxicology, ocean pollution, surfactants, detergents,
Cited in: Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, titled:  Blue Oceans with Blue Mussels - Management and planning of mussel farming in coastal ecosystems.  Author: Per Bergström;  2014, University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences;  57 pages.
http://5bio5.blogspot.com/2014/11/08112014-notification-from-internet.html
https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/37057/1/gupea_2077_37057_1.pdf

More info on citation of works (ecology, environment, bilogy, water quality improvement) of this author, Sergei A. Ostroumov:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267982546_;

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4359.9043

This paper was cited in:

[PDF] Blue Oceans with Blue Mussels-Management and planning of mussel farming in coastal ecosystems;

P Bergström - 2014;

... et al. 2014) lower nutrient concentrations (Nakamura and Kerciku 2000, Newell 2004)
and improved water quality (Ostroumov 2005, Zhou et al. 2006) thus providing a
sustainable production of seafood (Smaal 2002). This important ...;

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More information on the publication (PhD thesis) where the paper (Ostroumov, 2005) was cited:

https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/37057/1/gupea_2077_37057_1.pdf;

Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, titled: 

Blue Oceans with Blue Mussels -

Management and planning of mussel farming in coastal ecosystems. 

Author: Per Bergström; 

2014,

University of Gothenburg,

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences;  57 pages.

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Thesis summaries

English abstract

Eutrophication is one of the largest and most serious global threats to the marine environment.

The effect of eutrophication has become increasingly clear during recent time, and major 

economic and political efforts are being made to tackle its causes and consequences in Sweden 

and its surrounding seas. Mainly, it is the dramatic increase in the supply of nitrogen and

phosphorus that has several undesirable effects on marine ecosystems. More and more emphasis is 

placed on how to utilize the natural processes in restoration measures of eutrophic coastal areas.

One such proposition is to use mussel-farms with substantial capacity for filter-feeding to “clean” 

coastal waters by assimilation of particulate material and removal of potentially large amounts of 

nutrients from coastal areas at harvest.

In this thesis, several aspects of mussel farming have been studied in a series of experiments as a 

step in the process to develop and evaluate the concept of mussel farming as restoration

measurement in eutrophic coastal areas. The experiments were designed and attempts made to 

evaluate three major issues 1) effects of mussel farming on water quality, 2) spatial patterns of 

growth and 3) mitigation of negative effects in sediments beneath mussel farms. The first issue 

was attempted to evaluate using a before-after control-impact design with two mussel farms and 

two reference locations. Transplanted mussels were used to investigate spatial and temporal 

variability and thus the predictability of mussel growth. Predictive models were then developed 

and evaluated with the best model implemented into GIS, producing a map of predicted growth.

In a series of field and laboratory experiments the survival and growth of a bioturbating 

polychaete on mussel faeces and the impacts on nutrient and oxygen fluxes across sediment-water 

interface of its activities were evaluated.

Due to loss of mussels, presumably because of predation, the planned evaluation of local effects of 

mussel farming and its potential as a mitigation tool was not possible. This shows that the use of 

mussel farming in mitigation efforts is quite unpredictable and development of techniques used 

are needed. However, the extensive data collected can be used to evaluate spatial and temporal 

variability of the sampled parameters and provide important information for future attempts to 

evaluate effects of action programs. The studies show that growth is highly variable both between 

sites and times, both between and within years. Despite the variability there is some predictability 

in terms of growth in soft tissue, while for growth in shell length it is more difficult. Prediction of 

growth indicates that about 15 % of the investigated area belongs to the highest growth class. The 

highest growth rates were generally observed in the innermost areas, in fjords and other protected 

areas. These are also the areas that are in most need of restoration activities. This fact, from the 

perspective of utilizing mussel farming in mitigation efforts, is positive. The studies also point on 

the importance of understanding the complex systems in coastal areas. One environmental 

variable does not always influence the growth in the same manner. The influence may vary 

between both levels of growth and levels of the variable itself but also depends on other 

environmental factors within the system. Further improvement of growth prediction requires 

refinements of predictors with regard to both the nature and quality. As perhaps the greatest 

negative impact of mussel farming, it is important to minimize the effect of biodeposition on the 

sediment. The results indicate that the use of natural processes such as bioturbation may be a 

possibility. The polychaete Hediste diversicolor showed improved growth while a positive effect on 

the decomposition of organic matter was obtained with an improved sediment environment as a 

result. The effect was mainly indirect presumably through increased microbial activity due to the 

mechanical impact on the sediment by the polychaetes.

In summary, this thesis provides important insights into several aspects of the potential and 

sustainability of mussel farming as a mitigation tool and the results provide a base for 

scientifically based planning of aquaculture. Under the right conditions, mussel farming has the 

potential to be a useful and sustainable mitigation method but due to the complexity of the 

system it can be quite unpredictable and further studies are needed. The use of bioturbation by 

polychaetes, and possibly other organisms, has the potential to mitigate sediments negatively 

impacted by mussel farms and thus has the potential to be an important component in future 

mitigation measure using mussel farming. However, technical developments are needed before 

the approach can be used in practice.

Keywords:

Coastal management, Growth, Modelling, Mytilus edulis, Planning, Predict, Restoration,
Mitigation, Aquaculture, Bioturbation

useful explanation of terminology in this thesis (from the text of the thesis):
Glossary
Aquaculture Active cultivation of marine and freshwater aquatic organisms such as
fish, crustaceans, molluscs and plants under controlled conditions
Biodeposit Biological produced substances that settles on the bottom, e.g. faeces,
pseudofaeces, dead animals etc.
Bioirrigation The process of benthic organisms flushing their burrows with
overlying water. The exchange of dissolved elements between the
pore water and the overlying water is an important biogeochemical
process in the oceans
Bioturbation Mixing of sediment by living organisms, especially by burrowing or
boring. Aids the penetration of air and water and loosens sediment to
promote processes that changes in the texture of the sediment
Ecosystem engineer An organism that directly or indirectly controls the availability of
resources to other organisms by causing physical state changes in
biotic or abiotic materials
Ecosystem function Fundamental processes of natural systems, including nutrient cycling
and energy fluxes. Processes that constitutes essential components of
ecosystems
Ecosystem goods Material products that are obtained from natural systems for human
use
Ecosystem service “The conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems,
and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfil human life”
Eutrophication “Enhanced primary production due to excess supply of nutrient from
human activities, independent of the natural productivity level for
the area in question”
Foundation species Species that has a strong role in structuring a community
Mitigation Elimination or reduction of human impact on the environment
Remediation The act or process of correcting a fault or deficiency in the
environment
Restoration Returning an aquatic environment to its original, undisturbed state
37
P. Bergström
Abbreviations
AUC Area under receiver operating characteristic curve
DSC Dansk Skaldyrcenter
EB-MSM Ecosystem-based marine spatial management
EEA European Environmental Agency
EMB Ecosystem based management
ESF Ecosystem service framework
GAM Generalized additive model
GIS Geographic information system
LOESS Local Regression
MARS Multivariate adaptive regression splines
MSP Maritime spatial planning
OM Organic Matter
SOC Sediment oxygen consumption
WFD Water framework directive
38

P. Bergström

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More information on the PhD thesis:

Title:	Blue Oceans with Blue Mussels - Management and planning of mussel farming in coastal ecosystems
Authors:	Bergström, Per
E-mail:	per.bergstrom@bioenv.gu.se
Issue Date:	3-Nov-2014
University:	University of Gothenburg. Faculty of Science
Institution:	Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences ; Institutionen f??r biologi och milj??vetenskap
Parts of work:	I. Bergström, P., Lindegarth, S. and Lindegarth, M. 2013. Temporal consistency of spatial pattern in growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis: implications for predictive modelling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 131, 93-102 VIEW ARTICLE II. Bergström, P., Lindegarth, S. and Lindegarth, M. Modelling and predicting the growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis: implications for planning of aquaculture and eutrophication mitigation. Manuscript III. Bergström, P., Environmental influence on mussel (Mytilus edulis) growth – a quantile regression approach. Manuscript IV. Bergström, P., Hällmark, N., Larsson, K.-J. and Lindegarth M. Faeces from the mussel Mytilus edulis provides a better food source for the polychaete, Hediste diversicolor, compared to natural organic material. Manuscript V. Bergström, P., Carlsson, M. S., Lindegarth, M., Petersen, J. K., Lindegarth, S. and Holmer, M. 2014. Testing the potential for improving quality of sediments impacted by mussel farms using bioturbating polychaete worms. Submitted manuscript
Date of Defence:	2014-11-21
Disputation:	Fredagen den 21 november 2014, kl 13.15, Hörsalen Tjärnö
Degree:	Doctor of Philosophy
Publication type:	Doctoral thesis
Keywords:	Coastal management Mytilus edulis Growth Planning Modelling Predict Restoration Mitigation Aquaculture Bioturbation
Abstract:	Eutrophication is one of the largest and most serious global threats to the marine environment. The effect of eutrophication has become increasingly clear during recent time, and major economic and political efforts are being made to tackle its causes and consequences in Sweden and its surrounding seas. Mainly, it is the dramatic increase in the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus that has several undesirable effects on marine ecosystems. More and more emphasis is placed on how to utilize the natu... more
ISBN:	978-91-85529-76-6
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/2077/37057
Appears in Collections:	Doctoral Theses from University of Gothenburg / Doktorsavhandlingar från Göteborgs universitet Doctoral Theses / Doktorsavhandlingar Institutionen för biologi och miljövetenskap

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