FO?? & ??????...
"M? µe ?a??se??, ?a se ?a??s? e??" , p??e?d?p????se ?p???? e??e s??p? ?a t?? p??s?a??se? se ?p???e?se??.
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???s?? ?a?t??a, ?e??????e st?? 18 ??????? t?? 1918 st? ????? Mvezo t?? p???? Umtata (s?µe?a Mthatha) p??... ß??s?eta? st? ??at????? ????t??? t?? ??t?a? ?f?????. St? ???a t?? s???? ap??a?e?ta? µe t? ???µa t?? d??aste?a? t?? Thembu «Madida». Thembu e??a? ? e???t??? ?µ?da st?? ?p??a a???e o ?a?t??a .?? ???µa p?? t?? d????e ?ta? ?e??????e ?ta? Rolihlahla Dalibhunga e?? t? a?????? ???µa ???s?? t?? t? ?d?se ??a? d?s?a?? t?? sta µa??t??? t?? ?????a.
? pat??a? t??, Madla Henry Mandela, t?p???? ?????ta? ?a? s?µß????? t?? ßas?????? ???????e?a? t?? Thembu, p??a?e ?ta? ? ???s?? ?ta? e???a et??. ??te, ? µ?t??a t?? ???s??, Nongaphi Nosekeni, a???ese t? f???t?da t?? st?? a?t?ßas???a t?? Thembu ?a? e??de?f? t?? pat??a t??, Jongintaba Dalindyebo ?a? t? s????? t?? st? Mqhekezweni.
?? ?a? de? ?a?ae?de t? µ?t??a t?? ??a p???? ?????a, ? ?d??? ?????e ?t? ? Jongintaba ?a? ? ???a??a t?? Noengland t?? f?????a? sa ?a ?ta? d??? t??? pa?d?.
?ta? e??????????e, ????se t?? p??pt???a??? t?? sp??d?? st? ?a?ep?st?µ??? t?? Fort Hare, ?p?? sp??dase ?at? t? p??t? ?t?? a??????, p???t???? ep?st?µe?, ??µa??? ?a? ???a?d??? d??a?? ?a? t?p??? a?t?d?????s?, sp??d?? p?? te???? de? ????????se.
??? ?e??µß??? t?? 1940, se ?????a 22 et??, ??????ta? st? Mqhekezweni ? ?a?t??a a?a?????e ?t? ? Jongintaba e??e p????aµµat?se? t??? ??µ??? t?? ?d??? ?a? t?? Justice (t?? ???? t?? Jongintaba µe t?? ?p??? ? ?a?t??a µe????se µa??). ??????sµ????, ?f??a? ??a t? G?????esµp?????.
?? 1943, ?e????se ??µ???? sp??d?? st? ?a?ep?st?µ?? Witswaterand, t?? ?p???? ?? f??t?t?? ?ta? ?????? ?e???? ?a? ?p?? ?????se a????p??? µe d?af??et??? f??et??? ?a? p???t?sµ??? ?p?ßa??a. ???e se epaf? µe t? f??e?e??e??, t? ????spast??? ?a??? ?a? t?? af???a??st??? (pa?-af???a??st???) s???? , p?? t??f?d?t?sa? t? p???? t?? ??a t?? p???t???.
?? 1944, e?t?????e st? ?f???a???? ?????? ??????s? (African National Congress, ?a a?af?ta? ?a? ?? ANC) ?a? a???te?a ????e s???d??t?? t?? ?e??a?a? t??.
?a?t?e?t??e t?? p??t? t?? s????? Evelyn Mase, a?t?ß?st??a t?? ANC t?? ??t?ß??? t?? 1944. ?fe?a? st?? ??sµ? t?sse?a pa?d?? ?a? p??a? d?a????? t? 1958.
? a?t?stas? st? apa?t????t µe?????e, µet? ?a? t??? ????? ??µ??? t?? 1952, ???st?? µe t?? ???µas?a «Pass Laws» ?? ?p???? ????a? p?? e??a? t? d??a??µa ?? µa???? ?a ???? ?a? ?a e??????ta? ?a? p?? ???. ?? µa???? ?ta? ?p???e?µ???? ?a ????? ??a ????af? µa?? t???, ?ta? ß??s???ta? se pe?????? ?e????, sa? ??a? es?te???? d?aßat????, t? ?p??? pe??e??e st???e?a t???, ?p?? ap?t?p?µata, f?t???af?a, t? ???µa t?? e???d?t? t??? ?a? ???e? p????f???e?. ? ??µ?? ????e p??, p?te ?a? ??a p?s? µp????se ??a? µa???? ?a pa?aµe??e? se pe????? ?e????.
??? ?e??µß??? t?? 1952 ? ?a?t??a, ? ?p???? e??e p???? t?? ?de?a as??se?? epa????µat?? ?a? µp????se ?a as??se? t? d???????a, ?????e ??a d????????? ??afe?? – t? p??t? st? ??t?a ?f???? p?? a???e se µa???- µa?? µe t?? s??e???t? t?? ???ße? ??µp?.
G?a ta ep?µe?a d?? ?????a ? ?a?t??a ?a? ? ??µp? ?pe?asp?st??a? e?at??t?de? p???te? p?? p??tt??ta? ap? t??? ??µ??? t?? apa?t????t.
?? ?d?? ?t??, ? ???s?? ?a?t??a ?a? a??µ? 19 a??????? µ??? ?a? a?t?ß?st?? t?? ??t??af???a???? ??????s?? (Congress Alliance-?p???e?t? ??s?ast??? ??a µ?a s?µµa??a a?t?ß?st???? ?µ?d?? st?? ?p??a s?µµete??e ?a? t? ?f???a???? ?????? ??????s?) s??e??f??sa? µe t? ??µ? t?? «??µµ????st???? ?atast????» (Suppression of Communism Act). ? ?a?t??a, ?p?? ?a? ?? ?p????p?? a?t?ß?st??, ?atad???st??a? se 9 µ??e? f?????s?? ?a? s????? e??as?a µe t??et? a?ast???. ??? apa???e?t??e ep?s?? ?a s?µµet??e? se d?µ?s?e? s???e?t??se?? ??a 6 µ??e? ?a? ?a f??e? ap? t? G?????esµp?????. G?a t??? ep?µe???? 9 µ??e? ?? apa???e?t???? e?t???? a?a?e????ta? s??e???.
?a???? p?? ? ?a?t??a ?ta? ? ep?s?µ?? a?t?p??ed??? t?? ?f???a????? ??????? ??????s??, de? t?? ep?t?ep?ta? ap? t?? ??µ? ?a pa??e? ?p???d?p?te ???? st?? d?ast????t?te? t?? ??????s?? e?a?t?a? t?? p??a?afe??e?s?? apa???e?t???? ap?f?se?? e?a?t??? t??. ?a?’ ??a a?t?, s?????se ?a s??a?t? ???f? t?? ??es?a t?s? t?? ANC t?s? ?a? t?? Congress Alliance. ?ts?, ?pa??e ?a????st??? ???? st?? s?ed?asµ? ???? t?? µe????? e?st?ate??? e?a?t??? t?? apa?t????t t? de?aet?a t?? 1950.
?? 1955, ? e?st?ate?a e???t?a st? ?ats?st??? ?a?est?? t?? apa?t????t ????f????e µe t? s?????s? t?? ?st?????? ??????s?? t?? ?a?? (Congress of the People) st?? 25-26 ??????? st? ???pt????. ??e?, t? ?f???a???? ?????? ??????s?, t? ??µ????st??? ??µµa, ?? ??µ???at???? ?a? ???a ????µata d?aµa?t???a? ?????t?sa? µ?a ???ta d??a??µ?t??, µe t?? ?p??a ?a ?ata?????ta? ??e? ?? f??et???? d?a???se?? st? ??t?a ?f????, ?a e??a??stat? d?µ???at??? ?a?est?? ?a? ??a p???t??? p????aµµa a???t???? ?a? s?s?a??st???? µeta????µ?s? e?? ?? µe???? ß??µ??a??a ?a ??at???p??e?t?.
?? 1956, ? ???s?? ?a?t??a µe a??µ? 155 a?t?ß?st?? (s??????? 156 ?t?µa: ?a????, 21 ??d??, 23 ?e???? ?a? 7 ????de?) s??e??f??sa? ?a? ?at????????a? ??a es??t? p??d?s?a, µe t?? ?at?????a ?t? s?ed?a?a? t?? a?at??p? t?? ??ß????s?? µe t? ß?a ?a? t?? e??a??d??s? ??µ????st???? ?a?est?t??.
??te?e? µet? ap? µ?a p???et? d???, t? 1961 ???? ?? s????f???te? a??????a?.
?? 1958, ? ???s?? ?a?t??a pa?t?e?t??e t? Winnie Madikizela, ? ?p??a a???te?a ?pa??e e?e??? ???? st?? e?st?ate?a ??a t?? ap?f?????s? t??.
?? ????µa e?a?t??? t?? apa?t????t d?a??e?ta? t? 1959, ?ta? ?? ????spast???? e??ata?e?p??? t? ?f???a???? ?????? ??????s? ?a? ?d????? t? ?a?af???a???? ??????s?, a???te?a ???st? ?? ?a?af???a???? ??????s? t?? ??a??a?.
?? t? µeta??, t? 1960 t? ?f???a???? ?????? ??????s? t????e e?t?? ??µ??. ? a?a???t?s? ????f????e ?ta?, t? ?d?? ?t??, 69 µa???? p???ß??????a? ?a? s??t????a? e?? pe??p?? 131 t?a?µat?st??a? ap? t?? ast???µ?a, st? sfa?? t?? Sharpeville.
??t? t? a?µat??? pe??stat??? s?µat?d?t?se t? t???? t?? «e???????? a?t?stas??» ?a? ? ???s?? ?a?t??a, ?? a?t?p??ed??? t?? ??C, ?e????se µ?a e?st?ate?a ??????µ???? saµp?t??.
S???e???µ??a, µet? t? sfa?? t?? Sharpeville, ?p?? de??de? e???????? d?ad???t?? ?at? t?? apa?t????t sfa???st??a? st?? 21 ?a?t??? 1960, ?????de? ?a???? ??t??af???a??? ?at?st?e?a? t? "p?s?" t???, ? ??ß????s? ?????e t? ???a se ?at?stas? e?t??t?? a?????? st?? 8 ?p??????1960 ?a? apa???e?t??e ? ?e?t?????a st? ?f???a???? ?????? ??????s? ?a? st? ?a?af???a???? ??????s?, ??t??ta? se ?s?? t? ??µ? pe?? ?atast???? t?? ??µ????sµ??.
Se d?e???? ep?ped?, f???e? t? st?t??? t?? ??t??? ?f????? ??a p??t? f???, ?a??? t??eta? e?t?? ap? t?? ?????p???te?a t?? ?????, t?? ?a???sµ?a ??????s? ??e?a?, t?? ????S?? ?a? t? ??e??? ??????s? ???as?a?.
?f?? e??e ??f?e? p???? ? ap?fas? pe?? te?µat?sµ?? t?? «e???????? a?t?stas??», to 1961, ?d?????e t? ???? t?? ?????? (Umkhonto we Sizwe) (s??t?µ???af?a ??), t? st?at??t??? pa?a???d? t?? ?f???a????? ??????? ??????s??, ?a? ?e????se t?? e?st?ate?a saµp?t??. ?? p??te? ep???se?? af????sa? ??ße???t??? ?t???a. G?????a ?µ?? ?? a?????? t?? ????µat?? s??e??f??sa? t?? ?????? t?? 1963 st? ??ß???a, p???st?? t?? G?????esµp?????, ?a? ?atad???st??a? se ?s?ß?a t? 1964, a??µesa t??? ?ta? ?a? ? ???s?? ?a?t??a.
?s?ß?a ???e????
? ???s?? ?a?t??a s??e??f?? ?a? t?? apa???????a? ?at?????e? ??a saµp?t?? ?a? p??sp??e?a? ß?a??? a?at??p?? t?? ??ß????s??. ?????ta? st? d??ast???? ? ?a?t??a d???se: «??? t?µ?se? t? ?da???? µ?a? d?µ???at???? ?a? e?e??e??? ???????a? st?? ?p??a ???? ?? ?????p?? ???? a?µ????? µe ?se? e??a???e?». «???a? e??a? ?da???? ??a t? ?p??? e?p??? ?a ??s? ?a? ?a t? ?ataf???. ???? a? ??e?aste?, e??a? ??a ?da???? ??a t? ?p??? e?µa? ?t??µ?? ?a pe????».
?? 1964 ?atad???st??e se ?s?ß?a ???e????.
? ???s?? ?a?t??a µet? t?? ap?fas? ?s?ß?a? ???e????? µetaf??eta? st?? f??a??? t?? Robben Island.
??sa se ??a? ?????, ap? t? 1968 ?? t? 1969, ? µ?t??a t?? ???s?? ?a?t??a p??a?e ?a? ? µe?a??te??? ???? t?? s??t????e se a?t?????t?st??? d?st???µa. ?e? t?? epet??p? ?a pa?aste? st?? ??de?e? t???.?µe??e st?? f??a??? t?? Robben Island ??a 18 ?????a ?a? st? s????e?a µetaf?????e st? F??a?? Pollsmoor st?? ?pe???t??? ???a t? 1982.
??? ? ?a?t??a ?a? ????? ???te? t?? ??C ß??s???ta? st? f??a?? ? ???sa? st?? e????a, ???? ap? t?? «p??e?? t?? µa????» st? ??t?a ?f???? ?d??a? t?? ?a??te?? t??? ea?t? st?? a???a e???t?a st?? ????a???a t?? ?e???? µe????t?ta?. ??at??t?de? s??t????a? ?a? ?????de? t?a?µat?st??a? ?at? t? ß?a?? ?atast??? t?? e???e?s?? t?? µa??t??.
?? 1980, t? ANC µe a????? t?? e????st? ??µp?, ?e????se µ?a d?e??? e?st?ate?a e?a?t??? t?? apa?t????t ?a? ???p?a ap?f?s?se ?a st???e? t? e?d?af???? st? p??s?p? t?? ???s?? ?a?t??a ?a? t? a?t?µa ??a t?? ape?e?????s? t??.
??t? ? p??sp??e?a ????f????e t? 1988 st? s??a???a st? st?d?? Wembley st? ???d??? ?p?? 72.000 ?????p?? –?a? e?at?µµ???a ????? p?? pa?a????????sa? µ?s? t??e??as?? se ??? t?? ??sµ?- e?pa? «??e??e??ste t?? ???s?? ?a?t??a». (Free Nelson Mandela).
? p?es? t?? ?????? ???µ?? ?d???se ???te? a?? t?? ??sµ? ?a e??s??s??? t?? ????se?? p?? ep?ß?????a? ??a p??t? f??? st? ??t?a ?f???? t? 1967 ?at? t?? ?a?est?t?? t?? apa?t????t. ?? 1973, ??a ??f?sµa ap? t? Ge???? S????e?s? t?? ??? a?a??????e t? apa?t????t ?? ?????µa ?at? t?? a????p?t?ta?.
? ape?e?????s?
?? 1989, ? e???s?a pe???e? st?? F?e?te??? ?te ??e??, t?? te?e?ta?? ?e??? p??ed?? t?? ??t??? ?f?????. ?at? t? d????e?a t?? ??ß????s?? t??, ape?e??e???eta? ? ???s?? ?a?t??a st?? 11 Feß???a???? 1990.
?? ?e??µß??? t?? 1993, ? ?a?t??a ?a? ? ?te ??e?? ß?aße?t??a? µe t? ??µpe? ??????? «??a t? s??e?sf??? t??? st?? e??????? te?µat?sµ? t?? apa?t????t ?a? ??a t? ?eµe???s? µ?a? ??a? d?µ???at???? ??t?a? ?f?????».
???te µ??e? a???te?a, t? 1994, ??a p??t? f??? st?? ?st???a t?? ??t?a? ?f?????, ?? p???te? ap? ??e? t?? f??et???? ?a? e???t???? ?µ?de? ??f?sa? se d?µ???at???? e?????? ?a? ? ???s?? ?a?t??a e?e???? µe s??t??pt??? p?e????f?a p??ed??? t?? ???a?.
µeta??, ? ?a?t??a ????se ap? t? de?te?? s????? t??, t? Winnie, t? 1992.
?? µe?a??te?? p??ß??µa t?? ?a?t??a ?at? t?? p??ed???? t?? ??te?a (1994-1999) ?ta? ?? ?ste??? ?a? ft???? t?? pa?a????p??e??.
????ese st?? a?ap????t? t??, Thabo Mbeki, t?? ??afe????at???? ?a? ?a??µe????? e??as?e? t?? ??ß????s??, e?? ? ?d??? ? ?a?t??a ep??e?t?????e sta ep?s?µa ?a?????ta e??? ???t?, ?t????ta? µ?a ??a d?e??? e????a t?? ??t?a? ?f?????. Se a?t? t? p?a?s??, ?at?fe?e ?a pe?se? t?? p???e?????? eta??e?e? t?? ???a? ?a pa?aµe????? ?a? ?a epe?d?s??? st? ??t?a ?f????.
?? 1997 a?a?????se ?t? ap?s??eta? ap? t?? p??ed?e?a t?? ?f???a????? ??????? ??????s??, de? e??a? ?a?? ?p???f??? p??ed??? t?? ???a?. ?? 1999 te?e??se ? p??ed???? t?? ??te?a ?a? ap????e? ap? t?? p???t??? ??? t?? ???a?, µe t? ste?? t??????st?? ?????a.
??a? ????? ????te?a, t? 1998, sta ??d????st? t?? ?e?????a pa?t?e?t??e t?? Graca Machel, t? ???a t?? p???? p???d??? t?? ???aµß????. S?????se ?a ta??de?e? a?? t?? ??sµ?, ?a s??a?t? ???te?, ?a s?µµet??e? se s??d?as???e?? ?a??? ?a? ?a s?????e? se??? ß?aße?se??, af?t?? pa?a?t????a ap? t?? p??ed??a t?? ???a? t??.
?e t?? F??t?? ??st?? t? 2001.
?et? t?? ep?s?µ? ap?????s? t??, ?? d?µ?s?e? eµfa??se?? t?? ?ta? ?????? s??dedeµ??e? µe t?? e??as?a? t?? ?d??µat?? ?a?t??a, t? ?p??? e??a? ??a? f??a????p???? ???a??sµ?? p?? ? ?d??? ?d??se.
Sta ??d????st? ??ata ?e?????? t?? ?d??se t??? ??esß?te????, µ?a ?µ?da µ?a a?e???t?t? ?µ?da p?? ap?te?e?ta? ap? d?a?e???µ????? ???te? pa???sµ??? ße???e????. ?? ??esß?te??? p??sf????? t? s???????? ep????? ?a? eµpe???a t??? ??a ?a ?p?st??????? t?? e??a??d??s? t?? e??????, ?a ß????s??? st?? a?t?µet?p?s? t?? ?????te??? a?t??? t?? a????p???? p???? ?a? ?a p?????s??? ta ????? s?µf????ta t?? a????p?t?ta?.
?? 2005, se µ?a ??????? pe???d? p?? ta taµp?? a??µ? pe???ßa?a? t?? ep?d?µ?a t?? AIDS, ? ?a?t??a a?a?????se ?t? ? ???? t?? p??a?e ap? AIDS ?a? ???ese t?? ??t??af???a???? ?a µ???s??? ??a t? AIDS «??a ?a fa??eta? ?? µ?a ?a?????? as???e?a».
????te?a, ?pa??e s?µa?t??? ???? st?? ap?fas? ?a f????e??se? ? ??t?a ?f???? t? ?a???sµ?? ??pe??? ??d?sfa???? t? 2010 ?a? eµfa??st??e ?at? t?? te?et? ????? t??.
?????:
nelsonmandela.org
sahistory.org.za
bbc.co.uk
p??? tvxs.gr