?ataf?????? s???d?? ?? d???se?? ??a t?? ???at? t?? ???s?? ?a?t??a ap? t??? ???te? ?a? t??? p???t????? ???? t?? ??sµ??. ??????????ta? st? ??te??et s???t??aµe se ??a ...?e?µe?? t?? Alain Gresh t? 2010 ap? t? Le Monde Diplomatique p?? µe af??µ? d?µ?s?e?µata ?at?e?a? t?te ??a t?? ??t??af???a?? ???t?, ?????e s??p?µ? ?a ??µ?se? t?s? t?? s????? a???a ??a t?? a?at??p? t?? ?ats?st???? ?a?est?t?? t?? ?. ?f????? ?s? ?a? t? st?s? t?? «pa???sµ??? d???µe??» ap??a?t? t??.
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??? ALAIN GRESH*
???a?a s?µe?a st? ????t???, p?? p??t? f??? d????a?????e se af???a???? ???a. ?a? ??? se ?p??ad?p?te, a??? st?? pat??da t?? apa?t????t, t? ??t?a ?f????. ?a? ?p???? µ???e? ??a apa?t????t de? µp??e? pa?? ?a t? ta?t??e? µe t?? ???s?? ?a?t??a, t?? ?p??? s?µe?a ?µ???? a??µ? ?? e?e???? p?? t?? p???µ?sa? s????? ?? «t??µ????t?».
«??a? ???a? t?? ?a???? µa?», ?ta? ? t?t??? t?? e?d???? te?????-af?e??µat?? t?? ?a?????? pe???d???? «Courrier International» (???????-?????st?? 2010). «???a?e t?? ?st???a», p?e??d?te? t? pe???d??? «Le Nouvel Observateur» (27 ?a??? 2010). ?a d?? e??f???a sta ?p??a eµfa???eta? ? ?aµ??e?ast? f?t???af?a t?? ?a?t??a ap?te???? ?a?a?t???st??? de??µa µ?a? s??a??et???? ?at?e?a? p?? ?ftase st? ap?????f?µ? t?? µe t?? ta???a Invictus t?? s??????t? ????t ?st????t(1).
?e t? pa???sµ?? p??t????µa p?d?sfa????, ????????? ? ??sµ?? ???eta? ???????? st? ?at?e?a t?? ??aµat?st? p??f?t? ? ?p????, ap????pt??ta? t? ß?a, ?d???se t?? ?a? t?? se µ?a G? t?? ?pa??e??a? ?p?? ???? a?µ????? µa????, µ???de? ?a? ?e????.
?? ??te??? t?? ??µpe? ???a?t ?p?? ???se f??a??sµ???? p???? ?????a a?t?? p?? ?? s??t??f?? t?? ap??a???sa? ?a?t?µpa -t? ?p??? ??e? µetat?ape? se ?p???e?t??? t?p? p??s????µat?? ??a t??? ?????? p??s?e???µ?????- f???e? st? ??? ??a ???? «p???», e?e???? t?? ?a??? t?? µ?s?t?? apa?t????t p?? de? µp????se pa?? ?a p???a?e? t?? ?????µe???? ?atad??? ?a?, f?s???, p??p??t?? t?? ?atad??? t?? d?t???? d?µ???at???.
? ???st?? p??a?e p??? st?? sta???, p??? ap? pe??p?? d?? ?????de? ?????a. S?µe?a, p????? e?e???t?? a?a??t??ta? ??a t? s??s? p?? ?p???e? a??µesa st?? ???st? t?? ??a??e???? ?a? t?? ?st????? p??s?p???t?ta t?? ???st??. ?? ????????µe ??a t?? ep??e?a ??? t?? «???? t?? Te??»; ???a ?t????µ??ta d?a??t??µe ??a ?a µ????µe t? p?a?µat??? ????tte; ?? µa?t???e? t?? ?a???? ??a????? e??a? ??a?e a???p?ste?; Ta µp????se ?a?e?? ?a ?p???se? ?t? e??a? e?????te?? ?a s??a??af?s??µe t?? «?st????? ?a?t??a», p?s? µ????? p?? d?a??t??µe ??a ??a?????? ??aµµ??? ap? t? ?d?? t?? t? ????(2), a??? ?a? p????? ?µese? µa?t???e?.
?? ?µ??, st?? pe??pt?s? t?? p?a?µat???? ?a?t??a ?a? t?? ?????? t?? ?a?t??a fa??eta? ?a ?p???e? ? ?d?a -a? ??? µe?a??te??- d?af??? ap? e?e??? p?? ?p???e? a??µesa st?? p?a?µat??? ??s?? ?a? st?? ??s?? t?? ??a??e????: ??at? fa??eta? ad?a???t? ?a de?te? s?µe?a ?a?e?? ?t? ? ???? ?ess?a? ?p???e «t??µ????t??», «s?µµa??? t?? ??µµ????st??» ?a? t?? S?ß?et???? ???s?? (t?? ?a?est?t?? t?? «????????»), ??a? epa?ast?t?? ?eµ?t?? ap?fas?st???t?ta.
? ???p?? p???
?? ?????? ?f???a???? ??????s? (ANC), st?at?????? s?µµa??? t?? ??µµ????st???? ??µµat?? t?? ??t?a? ?f?????, ?e????se t?? ???p?? p??? t? 1960, µet? t? sfa?? st? «township»(3) t?? S??pß??, st?? 21 ?a?t???, ? ?p??a p?????ese p????? de??de? ?e?????. ?? µa???? d?ad????a? e???t?a st? s?st?µa t?? «pass» (es?te???? d?aßat????). ??te, ? ?a?t??a, ? ?p???? ?ta? ?pad?? t?? p???? µ?sa st? p?a?s?? t?? ??µ?µ?t?ta?, pe?st??e ?t? ? µe????f?a t?? ?e???? de? ?a pa??d?de p?t? µe e??????? t??p? t?? e???s?a, ??te ?a? ?a pa?a?te?t? ap? ta p????µ?? t??. ?? ?a? a????? t? ANC ep?d????e ?????? se saµp?t??, ???s?µ?p???se ep?s?? -se pe?????sµ??? ßa?µ? ß?ßa?a- ?a? t? ?p?? t?? «t??µ???at?a?», de? d?stase a??µ? ?a? ?a t?p??et?se? µe????? ß?µße? se ?af?.
? «?a?t?µpa», ? ?p???? s??e??f?? ?a? ?atad???st??e t? 1962, ap?????e, µet? t? 1985, a??et?? p??t?se?? ape?e?????s?? t?? µe a?t???a?µa t?? pa?a?t?s? ap? t? ß?a?? d??s?. ?p?? ???a?e sta ap?µ??µ??e?µat? t??, «a?t?? p?? ?a?????e? t? µ??f? t?? d??s?? e??a? p??ta ? ?atap?est?? ?a? ??? ? ?atap?esµ????. ??? ? ?atap?est?? ???s?µ?p??e? t? ß?a, t?te ? ?atap?esµ???? de? ??e? ???? ep????? ap? t? ?a apa?t?se? µe t? ß?a». ????µat?, µ????a ? ß?a -se s??d?asµ? µe t?? a??a??µe?e? ?a???? ????t?p???se?? ?a? t?? ?p?st????? e??? d?e????? s?st?µat?? ????se?? p?? ????ta? ?????a s?????te?? µe t?? p???d? t?? ??????- ?at????se ?a ap?de??e? t? µata??t?ta t?? s?st?µat?? ?atast???? ?a? ?a a?a???se? t? ?e??? e???s?a ?a a????e? ???µ?.
?p? t? st??µ? p?? ????e ap?de?t? ? a??? «??a? ?????p??, µ?a ??f??», ? ?a?t??a ?a? t? ANC ep?de??a? e?e????a ?a? p??sa?µ?st???t?ta st? e??e???µ? t??? ??a t? d?µ??????a t?? «???????a? t?? ???????? t????», a??? ?a? st?? e????se?? p?? ?d?sa? st? ?e??? µe????f?a. ????sta, a?a???st??a? ?a ß????? p??? ?e?? st? ??as? t??? st? ??t?µa t?? ?????????? a??a??? -a??? a?t? e??a? µ?a? ???? ?st???a.
? st?at????? t?? ANC ?t??e t?? ?????? ?a? ?????? ?p?st?????? t?? S?ß?et???? ???s?? ?a? t?? «s?s?a??st???? st?at?p?d??». ????? ap? ta ste???? t?? e?pa?de?t??a? ?a? ??aßa? st?at??t??? ?at??t?s? st? ??s?a ? st? ????. ? µ??? ap?????e se ???????? t? ??t?? tµ?µa t?? af???a????? ?pe????, ?p?? ? ??t??af???a????? st?at?? p??spa???se ?a ep?ß??e? t?? ??eµ???a t??. ? ep?µßas? t?? ???ßa????? d???µe?? st?? ?????a, t? 1975, ?a? ?? ???e? p?? p?t??a?, ?????? st? ??t?-???a?aß??e, t?? ?a??????? t?? 1988, s???ßa?a? st? ?a ?????ste? ? st?at??t??? µ??a?? t?? ?ats?st???? ?a?est?t?? ?a? ?a ???e? fa?e?? t? ad????d? st? ?p??? e??e pe?????e?. S?µf??a µe t?? ?a?t??a, ? µ??? t?? ??t?-???a?aß??e ap?t??ese µ?a «ap?fas?st??? ?aµp? ??a t?? ape?e?????s? t?? ?pe???? µa? ?a? t?? ?a?? µ??(4)». ??t? de? t? ???ase p?t?, ?? ? F??t?? ??st?? ?ta? ??a? ap? t??? ep?s?µ??? p??s?e???µ????? st?? te?et? t?? a??????? t?? p??ed????? ?a?????t?? t??, t? 1994.
Se a?t? t? s??????s? a??µesa st?? p?e????f?a t?? p????sµ?? ?a? t?? e???s?a t?? ?e????, ?? ???µ??e? ????te?e?, t? ???µ??? ?as??e??, t? ?s?a?? ?a? ? Ga???a (µ???? t? 1981, ?????? t?? a??d?? t?? s?s?a??st?? t?? ??te??? st?? e???s?a) ß??s???ta? st? «st?at?ped? t?? ?a???», µa?? µe t??? ?pe?asp?st?? t?? apa?t????t, st? ???µa t?? a???a e???t?a st?? ??µµ????st??? ???d???. ? ?s?ste? ????e?, ? ?????p??-??e?d? t?? «ep????d?µ?t???? eµp?????» t?? p???d??? ???a??t ?????a? st? ??t?? tµ?µa t?? af???a????? ?pe????, ???afe ta e???, t? de?aet?a t?? 1980: «?p? t? f?s? t?? ?a? t?? ?st???a t??, ? ??t?a ?f???? ap?te?e? tµ?µa t?? d?t???? eµpe???a? ?a? a?ap?spast? µ???? t?? d?t???? ??????µ?a?». (Foreign Affairs, ?e?µ??a? 1980-1981).
? ???s???t??, ? ?p??a t? 1975 e??e ?p?st????e? t? ??t??af???a???? ?a?est?? t?? ??et???a st?? ep??e???se?? t?? st? ?daf?? t?? ?????a, de? d?sta?e ?a pa?a??µpte? t? eµp????? st?? pa???? ?p??? p?? t?? e??e ep?ß???e? ?a? ?a s??e????eta? ste?? µe t?? ??t??af???a????? ?p??es?e? p????f?????, ap????pt??ta? t?? ???e e?d??? ????se?? p?? p??te????ta? e???t?a st? ?ats?st??? ?a?est??. ?? ? µa??? p?e????f?a ?a????ta? ?a ???e? ?p?µ??? ?a? ?a pe??µ??e? t? stad?a?? e?????? t?? ?at?stas??.
?a?t??a ?a? ????t?? st? ?e?? ?p?? ? p??t?? p??ase 18 ap? ta 27 ?????a p?? ?ta? p???t???? ??at??µe???.St?? 22 ??????? t?? 1988, de?a??t? µ??e? p??? ap? t?? ape?e?????s? t?? ?a?t??a ?a? t? ??µ?µ?p???s? t?? ANC, ? aµe???a??? ?f?p?????? ???? G????t?e?t e?????se e??p??? µ?a? ep?t??p?? t?? Ge???s?a?: «??µaste ?p???e?µ???? ?a a?a?????s??µe ?t? ? µet?ßas? p??? µ?a µ? f??et??? d?µ???at?a st? ??t?a ?f???? ?a ??e?aste? a?ap?fe??ta p??? pe??ss?te?? ????? ap? ?s?? eµe?? e???µaste». ?p?p????, ?s??????ta? ?t? ?? ????se?? e?a?t??? t?? ?a?est?t?? «de? ?a ??????a? d????? t? ????? t?? ?e???? e??t», e?? ?a ?p??tta? ?????? t?? µa??? p????sµ?.
?e a?t?? t?? t??p?, ? ???a??t ?????a?, t?? te?e?ta?a ?????? t?? ??te?a? t??, ep??e????se ?a? p??? ?a pe?se? t? ??????s? ?a µ?? t?µ???se? t? ?a?est?? t?? apa?t????t, ????? ?µ?? ep?t???a a?t? t? f???. ?ta? ? ep??? p?? ?? ?µe???a??? ?µ???sa? t??? af?a???? ?a? ???a?a???a???? «µa??t?? t?? e?e??e??a?» ?a? ?at???e???a? t?? t??µ???at?a t?? ANC ?a? t?? ??????s?? ??a t?? ?pe?e?????s? t?? ?a?a?st????.
? «s?d??? ????a»
?µ?? ?a? t? ???µ??? ?as??e?? de? ?µe??e p?s?. ? ??ß????s? t?? ?????a?et T?tse? a??????e t?? pa?aµ???? s????t?s? µe t? ANC µ???? t?? ape?e?????s? t?? ?a?t??a, t?? Feß??????? t?? 1990. ?p?p????, ?at? t? d??s?e?? ????f?? t?? ??eta????? ?????p???te?a?, t?? ??t?ß??? t?? 1987, st? ?a????ße?, a?t?t?????e st?? ep?ß??? ????se?? st? ?a?est??. ?ta? de, ??t????e ??a t?? ape???? t?? ANC ?t? ?a p???e? ta ß?eta???? s?µf????ta st? ??t?a ?f????, ap??t?se: «??t? ap?de????e? ?t? p???e?ta? ??a µ?a ????? t??µ???at??? ??????s?». ?ta? ? ep??? ?p?? ? f??t?t??? ?e??a?a t?? ??µµat?? t?? S??t???t???? ??????se af?se? p?? p??te??a?: «??eµ?ste t?? ?a?t??a ?? ????? t??? t??µ????te? t?? ANC! ???a? ???? t??? ?as?p?de?». ? ?t??ß??t ??µe???, ? ???? s??t???t???? p????p??????, ap?f?s?se ep?t????? ?a ??t?se? s?????µ? ??' a?t? t? s?µpe??f???, t?? Feß??????? t?? 2010! Ost?s?, ? t?p?? de? pa???e??e ?a t?? ?pe???µ?se? ?t? e??e ta??d??e? st? ??t?a ?f???? t? 1989, p??s?e???µ???? e??? ??µp? p?? p??spa???se ?a ap?t???e? t?? ep?ß??? ????se?? st? ?a?est??.
?? de ?s?a??, pa??µe??e µ???? t? t???? ? p???? p?st?? s?µµa??? t?? ?ats?st???? ?a?est?t??, pa?????t?? t?? ?p?a ?a? ß???e?a ??a t? st?at??t??? p??????? t?? p????aµµa ?a? ??a t? p????aµµa a??pt???? p??a????. ??? ?p????? t?? 1975, ? s?µe????? a?????? t?? ?s?a?????? ???t???, S?µ?? ???e?, t?te ?p?????? ?µ??a?, ?p???a?e µ?a s?µf???a asf??e?a? a??µesa st?? d?? ???e?. ??a? ????? a???te?a, ? ??t??af???a??? p????p?????? ?pa?t??a? ??. ???ste?, p???? f????a??st?? p???t????, ????e de?t?? µe ??e? t?? t?µ?? st? ?s?a??. ?p?p????, ?? ?pe?????? t?? ?p??es??? p????f????? t?? d?? ????? s??a?t????ta? ???e ????? ?a? s??t????a? t?? a???a e???t?a st?? «t??µ???at?a» t?? ANC ?a? t?? ??????s?? ??a t?? ?pe?e?????s? t?? ?a?a?st????.
?? ? Ga???a; ? Ga???a t?? ?te???? ?a? t?? d?ad???? t?? a??pt??e ????? ?a???a? e?d??asµ? s??se?? µe t?? ??et???a. Se µ?a s????te??? t?? p?? d?µ?s?e?t??e st? te???? t?? pe???d???? «Le Nouvel Observateur» p?? a?af??aµe st?? a??? t?? pa???t?? ??????, ? ?a? S???? ?pe??fa?e?eta? ??a t?? ?p?st????? p?? pa?e??e pa???te?a st?? ?a?t??a. ?p?? s?µßa??e? ?a? se p?????? ?????? ???te? t?? de????, de? ??e? ?a?? µ??µ?, a??? ?a? ? d?µ?s?????f?? p?? t?? pa???e? t? s????te??? d??eta? ad?aµa?t???ta a?t?? t?? aµ??s?a.
? S????, p????p?????? t?? pe???d? 1974-1976, e??????e, t? 1976, t? s?µßas? t?? ?a?????? d?µ?s?a? eta??e?a? Framatome ??a t?? ?atas?e?? st? ??t?a ?f???? t?? p??t?? p???????? sta?µ?? pa?a????? ??e?t????? e????e?a?. ?e a?t? t?? e??a???a, t? ????? ????? t?? ef?µe??da? «Le Monde» pa?at????se: «? Ga???a ß??s?eta? se pe??e??? ??s?, ?a??? a???e? st? µ???? ?µ?da t?? ????? p?? ? ??et???a ?e??e? eta????? st??? ?p????? µp??e? ?a ßas??eta?» (1? ??????? 1976). ?a? t? p??t?s???d? t?? «Sunday Times», µ?a? ??t??af???a????? ef?µe??da? µe µe???? ?????f???a, pa???????e: «??t? ? Ga???a. ? ??t?a ?f???? ???eta? p??????? d??aµ?».
?? ?a? t? ?a??s? e??e ap?fas?se?, t? 1975 -?????? e?a?t?a? t?? p??se?? p?? t?? as???sa? ta af???a???? ???t?- ?a µ?? p????e? p???? ?µesa ?p?a st? ??t?a ?f????, s?????se ??a a??et? ?????a ?a e?te?e? ta ?d? ?p??e??aµµ??a s?µß??a?a pa????? ?p????? s?st?µ?t??· ep?p????, ? ??t?a ?f???? e??e ?p?????e? µ?a s?µßas? µe t?? ?p??a e??e t? d??at?t?ta ?a pa???e? st? ?daf?? t?? ta ?a????? te???a??sµ??a Panhard ?a? ta e????pte?a Alouette ?a? Puma.
?a?? t?? ep?s?µ? ??t????? µe t?? ?p??a ?atad??a??ta? t? ?a?est?? t?? apa?t????t, t? ?a??s? d?at???se -µ???? t? 1981 t??????st??- p????? µ??f?? s??e??as?a? µe t? ?ats?st??? ?a?est??. ? ??e???t? ?te ?a????, ? d?e????t?? t?? ?p??es?a? ???te????? ?e?µ????s?? ?a? ??t??atas??p?a? (Sdece) t?? pe???d? 1970-1981, s?????se ?? e??? t? f???s?f?a t?? ?a?????? de????: «???a? ß?ßa?? ?t? t? apa?t????t e??a? ??a s?st?µa t? ?p??? ?fe????µe ?a ?atad???s??µe, ?st?s? p??pe? ?a e?e????e? µe ?p?? t??p?(5)».
??? t? ANC e??e a???se? a?t?? t?? s?µß????? ??a µet???p??e?a (? e?e??e? t?? ?????a?), t?te ? ???s?? ?a?t??a ?a e??e pe???e? st? f??a??, ? ??t?a ?f???? ?a e??e ß???ste? st? ???? ?? ???? ? ??sµ?? de? ?a e??e ?at????se? ?a ?atas?e??se? t?? µ??? t?? ???? ?ess?a.
(1) Mona Cholet, «Les derobades d'"Invictus" », Le Lac des signes, 12 ?a???a???? 2010, http://blog.mondediplo.net
(2) Nelson Mandela, «? long walk to freedom», Abacus, 1995.
(3) (St?) ?ts? ???µa?e t? ?ats?st??? ?a?est?? ta µe???a ???t? t?? µa???? p?? e??e d?µ??????se? st?? pa??f?? t?? ast???? ???t???.
(4) Ronnie Kasrils, «Turning point at Cuito Cuanavale», 23 ?a?t??? 2008, www.iol.co.za/
(5) Alexandre de Marenches ?a? Christine Ockrent, «Dans le secret des princes», Stock, ?a??s? 1986, se?. 228...