Rare Early Biblical Manuscripts return to view at Smithsonian's Freer Gallery

More than 100 years after they were first on view to the public in museum-founder Charles Lang Freer's Detroit home, two rare antique biblical manuscripts will return to view at the Freer Gallery of Art Nov. 16. The Washington Codex--one of the oldest manuscripts of the four Gospels in the world--as well as an ancient parchment volume of Deuteronomy and Joshua will be on view through Feb. 16, 2014, in the unexpected setting of James McNeill Whistler's blue-and-gold Peacock Room.

Washington Manuscript III: The Four Gospels (Codex Washingtonensis) Egypt,
late 4th-early 5th century [Credit: Freer Gallery of Art]

The Washington Codex, also known as the Codex Washingtonensis or Freer Gospels, is the third-oldest parchment manuscript of the gospels in the world, dating from the fourth to fifth centuries. The scriptures of Deuteronomy and Joshua are substantially complete texts from the Old Testament and date from the same period. Painted wooden covers, designed to protect the Gospels and decorated with representations of the four Evangelists, will also be on view.

Freer purchased the manuscripts in 1906 in Giza, Egypt, and later organized and underwrote significant early biblical scholarship. While researching their cultural context and physical structure, it was discovered that the Washington Codex contains a passage not found in any other biblical text-a segment at the end of the Gospel of Mark known as the Freer logion (a logion is a saying attributed to Jesus), which will be viewable during the exhibition.

Covers of the Washington Manuscript III showing the four Evangelists, Egypt,
Byzantine period, 7th cent. [Credit: Freer Gallery of Art]

However, Freer was mainly interested in aesthetic beauty and harmonies among the various objects in his collection, regardless of type or origin. In November 1912, he opened his Detroit home to the public and used Whistler's Peacock Room as a display space to curate his acquisitions, filling the shelves with pottery from the Middle East and Asia, tables of Buddhist sculpture and glass cases containing the Washington Codex and Old Testament manuscripts. Having recently promised his collection to the Smithsonian, the room became a beautiful laboratory where Freer could bring seemingly disparate objects into a visual conversation.

"When Freer chose to exhibit his rare biblical manuscripts in the Peacock Room, he was demonstrating his belief in cross-cultural correspondence," said Lee Glazer, curator of American art at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. "Juxtaposing these sacred texts with ceramics and aesthetic decoration underscored Freer's belief that 'all works of art go together.'"

Highlights of the collection include:

• the third-oldest Greek parchment manuscript of the Gospels in the world (late 4th–early 5th century), known as the Washington Gospels (Codex Washingtonianus) or the Freer Manuscript of the Gospels; it is enclosed between painted wooden book covers dating to the 7th century

• an early 5th-century Greek parchment codex containing the books of Deuteronomy and Joshua

• an early 5th-century incomplete Greek parchment codex of the Psalms

• a 6th-century century fragmentary Greek parchment codex of the Epistles of Paul

• a 5th-century Coptic parchment codex of the Psalms

• a fragmentary mid-3rd-century Greek papyrus codex of the Minor Prophets

Source: Freer and Sackler Galleries [November 07, 2013]