(en) France, Alternative Libertaire AL #230 - Folder Black Revolution: Malcolm X: Building a Black Power (fr)

Malcolm X made in the last years of his life the militant champion of decolonization. 
Articulating fight for the rights of black-es and international fights, he was refining 
gradually his theory of the necessity of the use of violence. ---- Malcolm X stigma 
American involvement in Vietnam and expressed his solidarity with Cuba and Latin American 
revolutionaries. He identified the struggle of black Americans-are than the people who 
came to shake the imperialist yoke around the world and tried to establish a connection 
with it. Thus the American black-'re having now for all allies decolonized peoples of the 
world should feel either minority but the majority [1]. It was internationalize the 
struggle of African Americans, dragging Uncle Sam in international forums for the 
treatment of black-es: getting the black struggle es U.S. jurisdiction to that of the UN, 
now filled members of former colonies; "integrationist are fighting for civil rights 
in-house that is lost in advance, or it is a fight for human rights"[2].

He also sought through the hyphen to reconcile the black-es with their origins and African 
cultures. Without Malcolm, certainly not the "Black is beautiful". We had stuffed black 
skull-es for decades with inf?riorisantes representations of Africans, the hair 
straighteners was rumored to look like white. Malcolm showed that they had more in common 
with the black struggle in the world than white Americans. "I'm not American, he says. 
Suppose ten men are at the table, eating dinner, and I went to sit at their table. They 
eat, but to me there is an empty plate. The fact that we are all sitting at the same table 
is it enough to make us all the diners?"[3]

"Show me a capitalist, I'll show you the vampire!"

The other message was left by Malcolm X that he was now also engage in combat against 
capitalism. Do not perceive the magnitude of the neocolonial degeneration of independence, 
he called on those countries liberated from colonial rule as an example: "countries that 
have adopted their independence have given almost all of the more or less socialist 
regimes, and it did nothing accidental. You and I (...) who want jobs, better housing, 
better education, we should (...) watch what system people released adopt for better 
housing, better food. There is no one who takes the capitalist system (...) to run a 
capitalist system, you need a soul vulture. Capitalism feeds on the blood of others. Show 
me a capitalist, I'll show you the vampire!"[4].

But the main message of Malcolm, it was the inevitability of violence and its desire that 
the black-es are arming to defend themselves. His numerous public statements say the 
pitfalls of non-violence and self-defense black. For him, it was "the ballot or the gun." 
The ballot not to give voice to one of the two major parties, but racist as part of the 
balance of power, which, if not working, should give way to violence.

The emancipation of the black-black-are by themselves are

If it was now ready to receive the support of whites that support it should in any case 
lead to any loss of autonomy, and this returned centrally in strategic terms in his 
lectures, as well as criticism of Uncle Toms. For him, the need for self-organization of 
blacks, not to be recovered by the various black and white bourgeois currents was 
essential. He had not yet found a dialectical balance between the need for denunciation of 
integration and the need to work with the integrationist. Clear utopias gradualist of 
these chimeras and racist Black Muslim, he was involved in a failed search for a 
"revolutionary black nationalism." His assassination brought a premature end to it.

He remained relatively isolated during this period. He was accused of not reject in 
American society, so that he refused more than ever, but differently. The Black Panther 
Party affirms to have resumed his work as where he left off.

Nicolas Pasadena (commission racist)

The Black Muslims of "Nation of Islam"

The founder of the sect "Nation of Islam" was a Wallace D. Fard who mysteriously 
disappeared. His disciple taking the name of Elijah Muhammad enthroned new prophet. This 
tiny sect managed to recruit in large northern cities a considerable number of followers. 
The Muslims drew most of their recruits black underclass from the South. They were direct 
descendants of the movement of Marcus Garvey in the 1920s: like him, they preached that 
God is black and white is a devil. If Marcus Garvey advocated a return to Africa, the 
Muslims themselves, repeating the slogan of the Communist Party in the 1930s, asked the 
U.S. government to grant them several states to compensate the sufferings of slavery. 
James Baldwin says," All Blacks sympathize with them more or less?"because" the despair 
that led to the Black Muslims claim an autonomous state is just one of all black"[5].

On the behavioral level, the sect managed to transform its zealots. Once converted, they 
wore clean shirts, jackets and ties, they do not drink, do not smoke, not using drugs 
anymore. They extolled the prestigious civilization of the distant past and made the 
black-'re proud to be black-es. They supported the anti-colonial movements in Asia, 
Africa, Cuba ...

Daniel Gu?rin dedicated to Muslims a chapter of his book, he believes that "the movement 
called the most serious concerns, ideology is quoted by some absurd," but he still 
concedes that "it is a merit of the Black Muslims of have succeeded, unlike the 
integrationist, solder the black American release to global decolonization." He says 
critics making them allies of racist Southern whites that they were not honest, not being 
"not put in the same bag freely chosen separation and segregation imposed by the 
proponents of white supremacy." The reverse racism they express, again according to Gu?rin 
"turns into a non-racial separatism but more class."

Nicolas Pasadena (commission racist)

Case summary:
The roots of racism: From slavery to the ghetto
labor movement: black or white, always proletarians
Malcolm X: a life in black and white
Malcolm X: Building a Black Power
The Black Panthers beyond the myth
The Black Feminism: at the intersection of oppressions
DRUM: The struggle of blacks in the workplace
black reformist movements: The pitfalls of bourgeois strategies
Harana Par? (historian): "This is the revolt that brought into existence the American Black"
A Black Revolution remains to be done

[ 1 ] Daniel Guerin From Uncle Tom to the Black Panthers , the good characters, 2010.

[ 2 ] Malcolm X, Geoge Breitman, The Black Power , The Discovery, 2008.

[ 3 ] Malcolm X, Geoge Breitman, The Black Power , The Discovery, 2008.

[ 4 ] Malcolm X, Geoge Breitman, The Black Power , The Discovery, 2008.

[ 5 ] quoted by Daniel Guerin From Uncle Tom to the Black Panthers , the good characters, 
2010.