? f???s?f??? p??s????s? t?? S. ?at??? p??s??te? ???s?µe? pa?aµ?t???? st? s?µe???? s???t?s? ??a t? d??? ?e??s?a? se ????????? ?a?...
??????µ??? ep?ped?, s???t?s? p?? µ????e? ?a ??e? e????ß?ste? se ??a? fa??? ?????. Teµe???d? e??t?µata ??a t??? st????? t?? pa?a?????, ??a t?? t??p? ????? ap?f?se??, a??? ?a? t?? a????? ?a ????et?s??µe µ?a «??t? af????a» st? ??s? t?? ???at?? ?ata?a??t?sµ??, s???st??? t?? p????a t?? p??tas?? t??, ? ?p??a p???p???te? ?????? a?at??p? t?? s?µe????? d?µ?? s????? ?a? p?????
• Se t? e?d??? ???????a ?d??e? ? «ap?a??pt???»;
?e? ?p???e? s??ta?? ??a µ?a «???????a t?? ap?a??pt????» ?at” a???? d??t? ? ???????a t?? ap?a??pt???? de? e??a? µ?a e?a??a?t??? ??s?, ??a µ??t??? p?? pa?ad?deta? µe t? ??e?d? st? ????. ?e? µp??e? ?a efa?µ?ste? µe t?? ?d?? t??p? st? ???a? ?a? st?? epa???a ?s??pa?. ?ta? ?a a??e? t? ßa?? f??t?? t?? ??????µ???? ?µpe??a??sµ??, t?te ?a ?a?a????e? t? ??t?µa t?? p???t?st???? p??????µ??f?a?. ?? a?t? epe?d? ???e ?a??, ???e ????t???a ??e? t? d??a??µa ?a ß?e? t?? d??? t?? d??µ? ??a ?a d?µ??????se? µ?a ???????a ??t?? af????a?. ? d??µ?? e??a? a????t?? st?? p???t???, t?? ?st???a. ??ap??e?ta? st??? a????p??? ?a p????? t? µ????? sta ????a t???.
• ????? e??a? ?? st???? a?t?? t?? p??tas??;
?? p????aµµa t?? ap?a??pt???? ??e? st??? t?? epa?a?a????sµ? t?? µ?????t?? µa?, ?a ?a?ad??µe e? ß????? t?? p???t???, ?a p????µe sta ????a µa? t? µ????? µa?, µe µ?a ???? ?a ??ß??µe ap?f?se??: ?? ?a pa?????µe; ?a ???s?µ?p????µe t?? p??????? e????e?a, t? ß??te???????a; ??? ?a pa?????µe; St?? pa???sa f?s? p??t?? de? µa? ??t???. ??a ????? ap?fas?ste? ??a eµ??, ????? eµ??. ?µ??, pa??t? de? ?p???e? ded?µ??? µ??t??? s?ed??? ??a t?? ????d?µ?s? t?? ????????? t?? ??t?? af????a?, ??a ?pa???? st?? ep?ta?? t?? ????? µe t? ?????? t?? a??pt????. ?? s??d?? ???e?ta? se d?? ep?peda: ?at” a???? s” a?t? t?? ???s??, d??ad? t?? s???e???µ???? ??t?p?a?, t?? ????????µ???? a?t??e?µ????. ?a? se de?te?? ?????, a?t? t?? p?a?µ?t?s?? t??, t?? d?µ??????a? t??.
• ??? µp????µe ?a pet????µe t?? «ap?ap?????p???s? t?? fa?tas?a???», ape?e??e?????ta? t??? a????p??? ap? t??? µ????? t?? p???d??, t?? pa?a????sµ?? ?a? t?? ????? ???? a??pt????;
?p????µe ?a ?a?ad??µe a?t? p?? e?pe ? ?ast????d??, ?t? «??a ?a ?p???e? µ?a t?t??a epa??stas?, p??pe? ?? ßa???? a??a??? ?a ?????? µ?sa st?? ????????????? ??????s? t?? p???t? t?? ??s??, µ?sa st? ?e????te?? st?s? ap??a?t? st? ???, d??ad? st? p?? t? fa?t??eta?. ???pe? ?a e??ata?e?f?e? ? ?d?a ?t? ? µ??ad???? st???? st? ??? e??a? ?a pa???e?? ?a? ?a ?ata?a???e??, µ?a ?p??? pa?????? ?a? tape???t???. ???pe? ?a e??ata?e?f?e? t? ?ap?ta??st??? fa?tas?a?? t?? ?e?d?-e?d??e?s??, t?? ?e?d?-????????sµ?? ?a? t?? ????? ???a ep??tas??. ??t? µp????? ?a t? ?????? µ???? ?? ?d??? ?? ??d?e? ?a? ?? ???a??e?. ??a µ??ad??? ?t?µ? ? ??a? ???a??sµ?? µp????? st?? ?a??te?? pe??pt?s? ?a p??et??µ?s???, ?a as??s??? ???t???, ?a e??a??????? ?a? ?a s??a??af?s??? t??? p??a???? p??sa?at???sµ???».
• ???a? s?µßat? ? ??????µ??? s???????s? µe t?? ?ap?ta??sµ? ?a? p?? ?a µp????se ? ap?a??pt??? ?a µetaf?aste? se ??a p???t??? p????aµµa;
? ap?a??pt??? e??a? d??aµ??? a?t??et? µe t?? ?ap?ta??sµ?. «?e? µp????µe p???? ?a pe?s??µe t?? ?ap?ta??sµ? ?a pe?????se? t?? a??pt???, ?p?? de? µp????µe ?a pe?s??µe ??a a????p??? ?? ?a µ?? a?ap??e?», ???afe ? ???e? ?p???ts??. ?? a?t? ??? t?s? epe?d? ? ap?a??pt??? ?atade????e? t?? a?t?f?se?? ?a? ta ?????????? ?a? ????????? ???a, a??? p??? ap” ??a ??at? ?a?a??te? ?p? s???t?s? t? «p?e?µa» t??, ?p? t?? ?????a t?? ?p??a a?t??aµßa??ta? ? ?a? ??µpe? ?? «p?e?µa t?? ?ap?ta??sµ??», t? ?p??? ap?te???se ??a?? ?a? a?a??a?a s?????? ??a t?? p?a?µat?p???s? t??.
• ??e? ???µa ?a µ???µe ??a ap?a??pt??? se ??????µ?e? s?ed?? ?atest?aµµ??e? ap? t? ??t?t?ta ?a? t?? ?fes?, ?p?? ? ????da;
?p??a?t? st? ad????d? t?? p???t???? ??t?t?ta? ?a? t?? ?????????? a????? ?a e????e? ??p???? ap? t?? ???????a t?? a??pt????, µ???? ??a p????aµµa eµp?e?sµ??? ap? t? s??d?? t?? ap?a??pt???? µp??e? ?a ep???se? t?? t?a???? ?at?stas? st?? ?p??a ????? pe?????e? ???e? ?p?? ? ????da. ?? p??t?se?? ßas????ta? se t?e?? ????e?. ???t??, ? epa?at?p???p???s?: ?pa?at?p???p??? s?µa??e? p??ta ap” ??a ap?pa???sµ??p???. ??t? t? ?p??? ap??a???µe pa???sµ??p???s? de? e??a? t?p?te ???? ap? ??a pa????d? sfa??? se pa???sµ?a ???µa?a. ???? a?ta????sµ?? st?? ?p??? ???? ?? ?a?? a?t??atast??f??ta? ?a? ?atast??f??? t??? ?????? ?a???. ?a??stata? ???p?? p??fa??? ?t? p??pe? ?a ?a?a???s??µe t?? t?p???? pa?a??????? d?ast????t?te?.
• ?a? st? s????e?a;
???????e? ? a?ad?µ?s? ?a? ? ?????????? a?ast??f?. ? pa?a?????? ß??µ??a???? ?e????a e??a? µ?a µa???? a?t??t???a, p??? ?a??????, µ????se??, ep?d?µ??? ?a? pa?d?µ??? se ??a. G?” a?t? p??pe? ?at” a???? ?a a?ad?a????s??µe t?? ?a??????e?e? ??a ?a ?a?aß???µe µ?a ???e??? d?at??f?. ??t? p???p???te? t?? e? ???? d?µ??????a e?at?µµ????? a???t??, ?? ?p???? ?a e??a? pa?a??????? ?a? ap?te?esµat????, ????? ?st?s? ?a p?s??µe st?? pa??da t?? ?pe?pa?a?????, ?a ap??t?s??µe d??ad? µ?a ?e????a ????? f?t?f??µa?a ?a? ????? µeta??a?µ??a. ??a? de?te??? st???? e??a? ? a?ad??????s? e? ß????? t?? e?e??e?a??? t?µ?a, e??ata?e?p??ta? t?? p??????? e????e?a ?a? a?apt?ss??ta? e?a??a?t???? µ??f?? e????e?a?. ?????, p??pe? ?a p??eµ?s??µe e?a?t??? t?? pa?as?t???? pa?a????? (?p?? ? d?af?µ?s?) ? t?? ep????d???? (?p?? e??a? ?? e??p??sµ??), ??a p??pe? ?a ep?d?????µe t? stad?a?? apeµp???? ap” a?t?. ???? e??a? ep?s?? apa?a?t?t? ?a epa?e?et?se? ?a?e?? t?? a?t?????t?ß??µ??a??a. ?a pa?????µe ???a µetaf????? µ?sa: p??? ap” ??a d?µ?s?a µ?sa µetaf????. ?a?????ta? ??a a?t? p?? ??? ?a d?µ?????????? ??se?? e??as?a? ??? ap? t? ?????? t?? ?a pa?????µe ??? ?a? pe??ss?te?a, a??? a?t???t?? ?a ap?te???? µ???? µ?a? pa?a????? p?? ßas??eta? st? ?????? t?? ??a??p???s?? t?? p?a?µat???? a?a???? t?? p???t??.
• ?a? ?s?? af??? t??? ????? t?? pa?a?????;
?? t??t? e??a? ? µe??s? t?? ???? e??as?a?. ? s?µe???? ?at?stas? e??a? ap???t?? pa??????. ??? ??a? ??e?a??? ?fta?e st? G? ?a? ?ß?epe p?? ???µe, ?a µa? a?t?µet?p??e ?? t?e???? ?a? ?a e??e e?p?a?e? ap? t? ß?a?e?a µe t?? ?p??a ???a?????ta? ?? ?????p??. G?at? ap? t? µ?a p?e??? ?p?????? de??de? e?at?µµ???a ??e???? ?a? ap? t?? ???? ?p?????? e?at?µµ???a ?????p?? ?? ?p???? e??????ta? sa? t?e???, a??µ? ?a? 15 ??e? ?µe??s???. ? ap???t? ß?a?e?a! ???pe? ?a d???e???µe ????te?? ??a ?a ????µe ???? d???e??. S?µe?a, µeta?? ?????, d???e???µe ??? ?a? pe??ss?te?? ??a ?a ?e?d????µe ??? ?a? ????te?a, ??at? ????µe eµp?a?e? se ??a? ad?s?p?t? a?ta????sµ?. ????e???ta? ????te?? µp????µe ?a ?e?d????µe pe??ss?te?a ?a? p??? ap” ??a ?a ???µe ?a??. ?? p??pe? ?a ?????µe ???p??; G?a a??? p??pe? ?a ep?st?????µe sta e????? µa? ??µ?sµata. ?? p???µa µ??? ap? µ??? t??, p??pe? ?a ß???µe ap? t? e???, a????? de? ?p???e? p??a??t?ta ?a ???p???s??µe ??a t?t??? p????aµµa.
• ????? ?a ?ta? ? ????? t?? «a?????» se µ?a ???????a «ap?a??pt????»;
???? ap?f??? ???e pa?e????s??, p?ste?? ?t? e??a? s?µa?t??? ?a d?a????s??µe t?? ????? ap? t?? a?????. ?? de?te?e? de? ?pa???? p?t? se ??a? ?a?a?? ??µ? e??? ?de?d??? a?ta????sµ?? ?? a?t? e??a? ?a??. ?? pe?ate?a??? s??se?? de? e??a? p?t? ap???t?? ap??s?pe?. ?e????e???? p??t?te ??t? ap? t? p?e?µa t?? d???? p?? µ?a ???????a t?? ap?a??pt???? ?fe??e? ?a ?a?aß?e?. ??a? µe????? a???µ?? a????p???? ????????? ??????e? t?? a????? ?a? ta ??µ?sµata (?a? e?d??? st?? ?f????), a??? a?t?? de? e??a? ???????e? t?? ?????? ? ???????e? e?t?? ??????.
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????? e??a?
? Se?? ?at??? ?e??????e t? 1940 st? ?a?. Sp??dase ????t???? ?p?st?µe?, F???s?f?a ?a? ??????µ???. ???a? ?µ?t?µ?? ?a????t?? t?? ?a?ep?st?µ??? Paris-Sud (??s?) ?a? e?d???? st?? ??????µ???? ?a? p???t???? s??se?? ?????-??t??. ?p? t? 2002 ??e? af?e???e? st? µe??t? t?? fa???µ???? t?? ap?a??pt????. Sta e??????? ?????f????? ta ß?ß??a t??: «???? µ?a ???????a t?? ??t?? af????a?» ??d?se?? t?? S??ad??f?? (2013), «?ast????d??» ??d?se?? t?? S??ad??f?? (2011), «?? st????µa t?? ap?a??pt????» ??d?se?? ????a? (2008).
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