Home » » Problemet e gjumit dhe suicidi

Problemet e gjumit dhe suicidi


           Flori Bruqi



http://prishtinapress.info/vetvrasjet-ne-kosove-dhe-shqiperi/




Ka më shumë se 100 studime ndërkombëtare që tregojnë se ekziston një lidhje mes raportimit të vetëvrasjes nga media dhe sjelljes vetëvrasëse.


Një studim kritik “Vetëvrasja në lajme dhe informimi i medias”, i cili u zhvillua në 2010-n rivërtetoi edhe një herë qëndrimin dhe sjelljen e komunitetit në rastet kur lexojnë apo shikojnë raportimin e një rasti vetëvrasjeje.

Rezulton se ka një lidhje të fortë mes raportimit në media të rasteve të vetëvrasjeve dhe rritjes së rasteve të vetëvrasjeve apo tentativave të vetëvrasjeve.



                                                   The precipitating circumstances for suicide from 16 American states in 2008.


Për shembull, një studim i 2005-s me gazetat australiane tregoi se rastet e vetëvrasjes së meshkujve rriteshin pas raportimeve për vetëvrasje, dhe shumë meshkuj tentonin të vetëvriteshin rreth tre ditë pasi historia e parë publikohej.
pagjumesia lajm-shqip
Mënyra se si raportohet një vetëvrasje duket se ka një rëndësi të veçantë. Ka raste të izoluara që tregojnë se mënyra se si raportohet një vetëvrasje ndikon në rënien e këtyre rasteve.



Për shembull, një studim australian i vitit 1997 për raportimin e vetëvrasjes së Kurt Kobeinit në media zbuloi se rastet e vetëvrasjeve mes moshave 15-24 vjeç ranë gjatë muajve në vijim të raportimit të vdekjes së Kobeinit. Mendohet se kjo kishte lidhje me faktin se nga ana e medias u mbajt një qëndrim kritik ndaj vendim të Kobeinit.


Makthet dhe besimet e pashendetshme ne lidhje me gjumin, shtojne rrezikun per vetevrasje tek ato njerez qe vuajne nga depresioni.


                                       "The Drunkard's Progress", 1846 demonstrating how alcoholism can lead to suicide

Zbulimet e studimin pohojne serish ate qe kane thene edhe kerkime te meparshme; kane lidhur problemet e gjumit me nje shtim te rrezikut per vetevrasje, si edhe sugjeron se cfare simptomash duhet te kene parassysh doktoret me trajtimet per te ulur ate rrezik.




                                                           Case fatality rate by suicide method in the United States.

Besimet e pashendetshme ne lidhje me gjumin mund te kene forma te ndryshme: per shembull, mendimi qe nje nate me gjume te paket do te shqetesoje gjumin gjate te gjithe javes, apo qe humbja e gjumit do te sjelle pasoja te parregullueshme.



Keto ide sjellin me vete nje atmosfere me mungese shprese, pafuqie, nje emocion qe kerkuesit e din qe eshte i lidhur me rrezikun per vetevrasje.


“Pagjumesia mund te coje ne nje lloj mungese shprese shume specifike, dhe mungesa e shpreses vete eshte nje parashikuese e fuqishme e vetevrasjes.” – tha kerkuesi i studimit Dr. W.


 Vaughn McCall, drejtues i Departamentit te Psikiatrise dhe Sjelljes se Shendetit ne Universitetin e Shkencave te Shendetit Georgia ne Augusta.



As a suicide prevention initiative, this sign promotes a special telephone available on the Golden Gate Bridge that connects to acrisis hotline.

“Nderkohe qe faktoret qe shtyjne rrezik me te madh per vetevrasje nuk jane te njejtat per te gjithe, per disa paciente, porblemet me gjumin jane pjese e simptomave.” – tha McCall.




Suicide rate per 100,000 males (left) and female (right) (data from 1978–2008).
  no data
  < 1
  1–5
  5–5.8
  5.8–8.5
  8.5–12
  12–19
  19–22.5
  22.5–26
  26–29.5
  29.5–33
  33–36.5
  >36.5


Gjate studimit MCCall dhe koleget e tij vezhguan 50 njerez me depresion ne moshen 20-84 vjec, disa prej te cileve ishin ne spital. Pothuajse secili prej pacienteve merrte nje lloj mjekimi psikiatrik, dhe 56% e tyre kishin tentuar te vetevriteshin te pakten nje here.


                                             Decebalus' suicidal death, fromTrajan's Column
Pjesemarresit ne studim u vezhguan per te pare nivelin e tyre te pagjumesise dhe mendimet vetevrasese, si edhe nese ato kishin makthe apo besime te pashendetshme ne lidhje me gjumin.


Studimi gjeti nje lidhje ndermjet pagjumesise dhe mendimit vetevrases: Sa me e thelle te ishte pagjumesia e nje personi, aq me i predispozuar ishte ai qe te shprehte mendime dhe deshira vetevrasese. Megjithate, kur kerkuesit futen ne llogari nese individet kishin apo nuk kishin patur makthe apo besime te pashendetshme ne lidhje me gjumin, lidhja zhdukej. Kjo tregon dy faktoret – makthet dhe besimet e pashendetshme ne lidhje me gjumin – luajne nje rol te rendesishem ne ate lidhje.



                                                                      A tantō knife prepared for seppuku.

Studime me te hershme kane zbuluar qe njerezit qe vuajne nga pagjumesia jane dyfish me te predispozuar per te kryer vetevrasje ne krahasim me personat qe nuk kane veshtiresi me gjumin. Nje studim ne vitin 2011 zbuloi qe adoleshentet qe kishin probleme me gjumin ne moshen 12-14 vjecare ishin 2.5 here me te predispozuar qe te kishin mendime vetevrasese ne vitet e tyre te mevonshme te adoleshences.


                                           A Hindu widow burning herself with the corpse of her husband, 1820s.


“Ne varesi te personit, pagjumesia mund te jete nje shkak apo nje efekt i depresionit,” – tha McCall.
“Pagjumesia mund te coje ne depresion pasi njerezit ndjejne qe ato nuk gjejne lehtesim apo arratisje nga gjendja e tyre as naten.


                                                          The Way Out, or Suicidal Ideation:George Grie, 2007.
 Njerezit behen shume te dekurajuar dhe te demoralizuar duke jetuar me pagjumesine nate pas nate.



Studimi i ri, se bashku me punen e bere me pare, sugjeron qe njerezit me pagjumesi duhet te vleresohen nese jane semundje mendore, duke perfshire depresionin dhe rrezikun per vetevrasje.”


In this painting by Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps, the palette, pistol, and note lying on the floor represent an artist who has just taken their own life


Trajtimi i maktheve apo besimeve te pashendetshme ne lidhje me gjumin me ane te psikoterapise apo mjekimeve mund te ulin rrezikun per vetevrasje, por megjithate studime te tjera do te duhet te hetojne kete gje.



McCall ka ne plan te beje kerkime te tjera per te pare nese trajtimi i pagjumesise me mjekime per gjume mund te ule rrezikun per vetevrasje.

spitali lajm-shqip

Një infermiere e spitalit Mbreti Eduard VII në Britaninë e Madhe është gjetur e vdekur.
Natyrisht ky nuk do përbënte asnjë lajm për shumë media. Por në Britaninë e Madhe, dhe jo vetëm aty, po ziejnë teoritë për këtë vetëvrasje të mundshme.

Nëna e dy fëmijëve, Jacintha Saldanha shërbente si infermiere në spitalin ku u shtrua disa ditë më parë Dukesha e Kembrixhit, Kate Middleton. Ajo është shtatzënë dje kishte disa shqetësime.

Infermierja ra pre e një rrengu që kishin përgatitur dy DJ të një radio australiane. Ata telefonuan në spital, duke u hequr se ishin Mbretëresha dhe Princi Filip.

 Saldanha e përcolli telefonatën tek infermierja private e dukeshës, që u dha atyre informacione intime në lidhje me gjendjen e saj.

Ky rreng u bë publik dhe u komentua në shumë media.

Por vdekja e infermieres ka bërë që shumë njerëz të shprehin ngushëllime, përfshi Dukeshën e Kembrixhit, e cila ka theksuar se ata nuk janë ankuar për një gjë të tillë.

Spitali tha se ajo ishte një infermiere e shkëlqyer.

Ndërkohë dy DJ-të austrialianë i kanë fshirë llogaritë e tyre në Twitter, pasi ishin tallur rëndshëm me rrengun e tyre.



Fotografitë e momentit të vetëvrasjes së një personi kanë shokuar mbarë opinionin botëror, incident të cilit Reuters i dedikoi një reportazh të fuqishëm.
Ndërsa një grup turistësh po nxirrnin fotografi përkujtimore nga ura e Wuhan të lumit Yangtze në provincën Hubei të Kinës, u bënë dëshmitar të një ngjarje tronditëse.
Me aparatin e tyre fotografik ata fotografuan gabimisht momentin kur dy njerëz vendosën ti japin fund jetës dhe u hodhen nga ura.
Reuters raporton se nga ura u hodhën dy persona, por pa mundur të disponojë të dhëna të tjera.
Nga ana e tyre autoritet policore kineze, të cilat po mundohen të zbardhin incidentin, njoftuan se bëhet fjalë për një çift të cilët vendosën ti jap fund jetës të dy bashkë, por shkaqet e vendimit të tyre mbeten ende të errëta
vetvrasja lajm-shqip
Një 35-vjeçare nga qyteti i Pogradecit kishte tentuar t’i jepte fund jetës, por ndërsa po kryente aktin e vetëvarjes, familjarët e saj, fatmirësisht, kishin mundur ta arrinin në kohë dhe ta nxirrnin nga “kthetrat” e vdekjes.

vetvrasja lajm-shqip
 Ndërkaq, 35-vjeçarja ishte çuar në spital, ku kishte marrë ndihmën e parë mjekësore dhe tashmë rezulton të jetë jashtë rrezikut për jetën. Në lidhje me këtë ngjarje, burime të policisë bënë të ditur se, pas hetimeve të kryera rezultoi se shtetësja me inicialet E.R., 35-vjeç kishte dy vjet në gjendje depresive, gjë për të cilën kjo shtetase gjatë këtij harku kohor merrte mjekimin e nevojshëm.

Burime të policisë bënë të ditur gjithashtu se, vepra penale e kryer është ajo e “shkaktimit të vetëvrasjes, e mbetur në tentativë”, parashikuar nga nenet 99 e 22 te Kodit Penal. Materialet për këtë rast do t’i kalojnë Prokurorisë së Rrethit Gjyqësor Pogradec për veprime të mëtejshme.



  1. ^ a b c d Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). "Suicide". Lancet 373(9672): 1372–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X.PMID 19376453.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Värnik, P (2012 Mar). "Suicide in the world.".International journal of environmental research and public health 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275.PMID 22690161.
  3. ^ Meier, Marshall B. Clinard, Robert F. (2008). Sociology of deviant behavior (14th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-495-81167-1.
  4. ^ Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A (October 2002). "Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective". World Psychiatry 1 (3): 181–5.PMC 1489848. PMID 16946849.
  5. ^ "Indian woman commits sati suicide". Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  6. ^ Aggarwal, N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing.". Crisis 30 (2): 94–7.doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169.
  7. ^ Stedman's medical dictionary (28th ed. ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8.
  8. ^ a b Krug, Etienne (2002). World Report on Violence and Health (Vol. 1). Genève: World Health Organization. p. 185. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7.
  9. ^ a b Gullota, edited by Thomas P.; Bloom, Martin (2002). The encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p. 1112. ISBN 978-0-306-47296-1.
  10. ^ Karch, DL; Logan, J; Patel, N; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC) (2011 Aug 26). "Surveillance for violent deaths—National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2008.". Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)60 (10): 1–49. PMID 21866088.
  11. ^ a b c d Hawton, K; Saunders, KE; O'Connor, RC (2012 Jun 23). "Self-harm and suicide in adolescents.". Lancet 379 (9834): 2373–82.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5. PMID 22726518.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vijayakumar, L; Kumar, MS; Vijayakumar, V (2011 May). "Substance use and suicide.". Current opinion in psychiatry 24 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283459242. PMID 21430536.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Chang, B; Gitlin, D; Patel, R (2011 Sep). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies.".Emergency medicine practice 13 (9): 1–23; quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
  14. ^ Simpson, G; Tate, R (2007 Dec). "Suicidality in people surviving a traumatic brain injury: prevalence, risk factors and implications for clinical management.". Brain injury : [BI] 21 (13–14): 1335–51.doi:10.1080/02699050701785542. PMID 18066936.
  15. ^ a b Miller, M; Azrael, D; Barber, C (2012 Apr). "Suicide mortality in the United States: the importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide.". Annual review of public health 33: 393–408. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124636. PMID 22224886.
  16. ^ Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB (April 2003). "Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997". Am J Psychiatry 160 (4): 765–72. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.765.PMID 12668367.
  17. ^ Gilliland, Richard K. James, Burl E. Crisis intervention strategies (7th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-111-18677-7.
  18. ^ a b Brent, DA; Melhem, N (2008 Jun). "Familial transmission of suicidal behavior.". The Psychiatric clinics of North America 31 (2): 157–77.doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.02.001. PMC 2440417. PMID 18439442.
  19. ^ a b Rozanov, V; Carli, V (2012 Jul). "Suicide among war veterans.".International journal of environmental research and public health 9 (7): 2504–19. doi:10.3390/ijerph9072504. PMC 3407917.PMID 22851956.
  20. ^ a b University of Manchester Centre for Mental Health and Risk. "The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness". Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  21. ^ a b c d e Chehil, Stan Kutcher, Sonia (2012). Suicide Risk Management A Manual for Health Professionals. (2nd ed. ed.). Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-1-119-95311-1.
  22. ^ Bertolote, JM; Fleischmann, A; De Leo, D; Wasserman, D (2004). "Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: revisiting the evidence.". Crisis 25 (4): 147–55. PMID 15580849.
  23. ^ van Os J, Kapur S. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2009;374(9690):635–45.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8. PMID 19700006.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 1940–1946. ISBN 0-07-148480-9.
  25. ^ Whitlock J, Knox KL (July 2007). "The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161 (7): 634–40. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.634.PMID 17606825.
  26. ^ a b Pirkis, J; Burgess, P (1998 Dec). "Suicide and recency of health care contacts. A systematic review.". The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 173: 462–74. PMID 9926074.
  27. ^ Luoma, JB; Martin, CE; Pearson, JL (2002 Jun). "Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence.". The American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (6): 909–16.PMID 12042175.
  28. ^ Perrotto, Jerome D. Levin, Joseph Culkin, Richard S. (2001). Introduction to chemical dependency counseling. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-0-7657-0289-0.
  29. ^ a b Fadem, Barbara (2004). Behavioral science in medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-7817-3669-5.
  30. ^ Youssef NA, Rich CL (2008). "Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review". Ann Clin Psychiatry 20 (3): 157–69.doi:10.1080/10401230802177698. PMID 18633742.
  31. ^ a b Sher, L (2006 Jan). "Alcohol consumption and suicide.". QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 99 (1): 57–61.doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci146. PMID 16287907.
  32. ^ Darke S, Ross J (November 2002). "Suicide among heroin users: rates, risk factors and methods". Addiction 97 (11): 1383–94.doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00214.x. PMID 12410779.
  33. ^ Darke, S; Kaye, S; McKetin, R; Duflou, J (2008 May). "Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use.". Drug and alcohol review27 (3): 253–62. doi:10.1080/09595230801923702. PMID 18368606.
  34. ^ Jr, Frank J. Ayd, (2000). Lexicon of psychiatry, neurology, and the neurosciences (2nd ed. ed.). Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7817-2468-5.
  35. ^ a b Hughes, JR (2008 Dec 1). "Smoking and suicide: a brief overview.".Drug and alcohol dependence 98 (3): 169–78.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.003. PMID 18676099.
  36. ^ Pallanti, Stefano; Rossi, Nicolò Baldini; Hollander, Eric (2006). "11. Pathological Gambling". In Hollander, Eric; Stein, Dan J. Clinical manual of impulse-control disorders. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-58562-136-1.
  37. ^ a b Oliveira, MP; Silveira, DX; Silva, MT (2008 Jun). "[Pathological gambling and its consequences for public health].". Revista de saude publica 42 (3): 542–9. PMID 18461253.
  38. ^ Hansen, M; Rossow, I (2008 Jan 17). "[Gambling and suicidal behaviour].". Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke 128 (2): 174–6. PMID 18202728.
  39. ^ Manthorpe, J; Iliffe, S (2010 Dec). "Suicide in later life: public health and practitioner perspectives.". International journal of geriatric psychiatry 25(12): 1230–8. doi:10.1002/gps.2473. PMID 20104515.
  40. ^ Simpson GK, Tate RL (August 2007). "Preventing suicide after traumatic brain injury: implications for general practice". Med. J. Aust. 187 (4): 229–32. PMID 17708726.
  41. ^ a b Anguiano, L; Mayer, DK; Piven, ML; Rosenstein, D (2012 Jul–Aug). "A literature review of suicide in cancer patients.". Cancer nursing 35 (4): E14–26. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31822fc76c. PMID 21946906.
  42. ^ Yip, edited by Paul S.F. (2008). Suicide in Asia : causes and prevention. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9789622099432.
  43. ^ Ribeiro, JD; Pease, JL; Gutierrez, PM; Silva, C; Bernert, RA; Rudd, MD; Joiner TE, Jr (2012 Feb). "Sleep problems outperform depression and hopelessness as cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of suicidal ideation and behavior in young adults in the military.". Journal of Affective Disorders 136 (3): 743–50. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.049.PMID 22032872.
  44. ^ Bernert, RA; Joiner TE, Jr; Cukrowicz, KC; Schmidt, NB; Krakow, B (2005 Sep). "Suicidality and sleep disturbances.". Sleep 28 (9): 1135–41.PMID 16268383.
  45. ^ a b Joiner TE, Jr; Brown, JS; Wingate, LR (2005). "The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior.". Annual review of psychology 56: 287–314. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070320. PMID 15709937.
  46. ^ a b Van Orden, K; Conwell, Y (2011 Jun). "Suicides in late life.". Current psychiatry reports 13 (3): 234–41. doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0193-3.PMC 3085020. PMID 21369952.
  47. ^ a b Koenig, HG (2009 May). "Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: a review.". Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 54 (5): 283–91. PMID 19497160.
  48. ^ a b c Lester, D (2006). "Suicide and islam.". Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research 10 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. PMID 16287698.
  49. ^ Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science 7 (5): 427–449.doi:10.1177/1745691612455204.
  50. ^ Wegman, HL; Stetler, C (2009 Oct). "A meta-analytic review of the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood.". Psychosomatic Medicine 71 (8): 805–12. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bb2b46.PMID 19779142.
  51. ^ Oswald, SH; Heil, K; Goldbeck, L (2010 Jun). "History of maltreatment and mental health problems in foster children: a review of the literature.".Journal of pediatric psychology 35 (5): 462–72.doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp114. PMID 20007747.
  52. ^ Confer, Jaime C.; Easton, Judith A.; Fleischman, Diana S.; Goetz, Cari D.; Lewis, David M. G.; Perilloux, Carin; Buss, David M. (1 January 2010). "Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations.". American Psychologist 65 (2): 110–126.doi:10.1037/a0018413. PMID 20141266.
  53. ^ a b Stark, CR; Riordan, V; O'Connor, R (2011). "A conceptual model of suicide in rural areas.". Rural and remote health 11 (2): 1622.PMID 21702640.
  54. ^ Daly, Mary (Sept 2012). "Relative Status and Well-Being: Evidence from U.S. Suicide Deaths". Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series.
  55. ^ Lerner, George (Jan 5,2010). "Activist: Farmer suicides in India linked to debt, globalization". CNN World. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  56. ^ Law, S; Liu, P (2008 Feb). "Suicide in China: unique demographic patterns and relationship to depressive disorder.". Current psychiatry reports 10 (1): 80–6. PMID 18269899.
  57. ^ a b c Bohanna, I; Wang, X (2012). "Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide: a review of effectiveness.". Crisis 33 (4): 190–8.doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000137. PMID 22713977.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Yip, PS; Caine, E; Yousuf, S; Chang, SS; Wu, KC; Chen, YY (2012 Jun 23). "Means restriction for suicide prevention.". Lancet 379(9834): 2393–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2.PMID 22726520.
  59. ^ a b Sisask, M; Värnik, A (2012 Jan). "Media roles in suicide prevention: a systematic review.". International journal of environmental research and public health 9 (1): 123–38. doi:10.3390/ijerph9010123.PMC 3315075. PMID 22470283.
  60. ^ Stack S (April 2005). "Suicide in the media: a quantitative review of studies based on non-fictional stories". Suicide Life Threat Behav 35 (2): 121–33. doi:10.1521/suli.35.2.121.62877. PMID 15843330.
  61. ^ Pirkis J (July 2009). 72X "Suicide and the media". Psychiatry 8 (7): 269–271. doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2009.04.009.
  62. ^ a b Loue, Sana (2008). Encyclopedia of aging and public health : with 19 tables. New York, NY: Springer. p. 696. ISBN 978-0-387-33753-1.
  63. ^ a b Moody, Harry R. (2010). Aging : concepts and controversies (6th ed. ed.). Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4129-6966-6.
  64. ^ a b Hales, edited by Robert I. Simon, Robert E. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of suicide assessment and management (2nd ed. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 714. ISBN 978-1-58562-414-0.
  65. ^ editor, Tarek Sobh, (2010). Innovations and advances in computer sciences and engineering (Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. p. 503. ISBN 978-90-481-3658-2.
  66. ^ Eliason, S (2009). "Murder-suicide: a review of the recent literature.". The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 37 (3): 371–6.PMID 19767502.
  67. ^ Smith, William Kornblum in collaboration with Carolyn D. Sociology in a changing world (9e [9th ed]. ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-111-30157-6.
  68. ^ Campbell, Robert Jean (2004). Campbell's psychiatric dictionary (8th ed. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-19-515221-0.
  69. ^ Veatch, ed. by Robert M. (1997). Medical ethics (2. ed. ed.). Sudbury, Mass. [u.a.]: Jones and Bartlett. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-86720-974-7.
  70. ^ Gutman, Yisrael; editors, Michael Berenbaum, (1998). Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp (1st pbk. ed. ed.). Bloomington: Publ. in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. by Indiana University Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2.
  71. ^ Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M et al. (September 2008). "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database". Bull. World Health Organ. 86 (9): 726–32.doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489. PMC 2649482. PMID 18797649.
  72. ^ Ajdacic-Gross, Vladeta, et al. "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database" PDF (267 KB).Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86 (9): 726–732. September 2008. Accessed 2 August 2011. Archived 2 August 2011. See html version. The data can be seen here [1]
  73. ^ O'Connor, Rory C.; Platt, Stephen; Gordon, Jacki, eds. (1 June 2011).International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice. John Wiley and Sons. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-119-99856-3.
  74. ^ Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F (2007). "The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review". BMC Public Health 7: 357. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-357. PMC 2262093.PMID 18154668.
  75. ^ Geddes, John; Price, Jonathan; Gelder, Rebecca McKnight ; with Michael; Mayou, Richard. Psychiatry (4th ed. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-923396-0.
  76. ^ "U.S. Suicide Statistics (2005)". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  77. ^ Eshun, edited by Sussie; Gurung, Regan A.R. (2009). Culture and mental health sociocultural influences, theory, and practice. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 301. ISBN 9781444305814.
  78. ^ a b Krug, Etienne (2002). World Report on Violence and Health, Volume 1. Genève: World Health Organization. p. 196. ISBN 9789241545617.
  79. ^ (editor), Diego de Leo (2001). Suicide and euthanasia in older adults : a transcultural journey. Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber. p. 121.ISBN 9780889372511.
  80. ^ Pjevac, M; Pregelj, P (2012 Oct). "Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour.".Psychiatria Danubina. 24 Suppl 3: S336–41. PMID 23114813.
  81. ^ Sher, L (2011). "The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathophysiology of adolescent suicidal behavior.". International journal of adolescent medicine and health 23 (3): 181–5. PMID 22191181.
  82. ^ Sher, L (2011 May). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and suicidal behavior.". QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 104 (5): 455–8. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq207. PMID 21051476.
  83. ^ a b Dwivedi, Yogesh (2012). The neurobiological basis of suicide. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4398-3881-5.
  84. ^ Stein, edited by George; Wilkinson, Greg (2007). Seminars in general adult psychiatry (2. ed. ed.). London: Gaskell. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-904671-44-2.
  85. ^ Autry, AE; Monteggia, LM (2009 Nov 1). "Epigenetics in suicide and depression.". Biological Psychiatry 66 (9): 812–3.doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.033. PMC 2770810.PMID 19833253.
  86. ^ a b c "Suicide prevention". WHO Sites: Mental Health. World Health Organization. Aug 31,2012. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  87. ^ Sakinofsky, I (2007 Jun). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. PMID 17824349.
  88. ^ "Suicide". The United States Surgeon General. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  89. ^ Robinson, J; Hetrick, SE; Martin, C (2011 Jan). "Preventing suicide in young people: systematic review.". The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 45 (1): 3–26. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.511147.PMID 21174502.
  90. ^ Fässberg, MM; van Orden, KA; Duberstein, P; Erlangsen, A; Lapierre, S; Bodner, E; Canetto, SS; De Leo, D; Szanto, K; Waern, M (2012 Mar). "A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood.". International journal of environmental research and public health 9 (3): 722–45. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030722. PMC 3367273.PMID 22690159.
  91. ^ Williams, SB; O'Connor, EA; Eder, M; Whitlock, EP (2009 Apr). "Screening for child and adolescent depression in primary care settings: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.". Pediatrics123 (4): e716–35. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2415. PMID 19336361.
  92. ^ Horowitz, LM; Ballard, ED; Pao, M (2009 Oct). "Suicide screening in schools, primary care and emergency departments.". Current Opinion in Pediatrics 21 (5): 620–7. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283307a89.PMC 2879582. PMID 19617829.
  93. ^ Paris, J (June 2004). "Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?". Journal of personality disorders 18 (3): 240–7. doi:10.1521/pedi.18.3.240.35443. PMID 15237044.
  94. ^ Goodman, M; Roiff, T; Oakes, AH; Paris, J (2012 Feb). "Suicidal risk and management in borderline personality disorder.". Current psychiatry reports 14 (1): 79–85. doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0249-4.PMID 22113831.
  95. ^ a b Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, (CADTH) (2010). "Dialectical behaviour therapy in adolescents for suicide prevention: systematic review of clinical-effectiveness.". CADTH technology overviews 1 (1): e0104. PMC 3411135. PMID 22977392.
  96. ^ Stoffers, JM; Völlm, BA; Rücker, G; Timmer, A; Huband, N; Lieb, K (2012 Aug 15). "Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 8: CD005652. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2. PMID 22895952.
  97. ^ Hetrick, SE; McKenzie, JE; Cox, GR; Simmons, MB; Merry, SN (2012 Nov 14). "Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 11: CD004851. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004851.pub3.PMID 23152227.
  98. ^ Baldessarini, RJ; Tondo, L; Hennen, J (2003). "Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: update and new findings.". The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 64 Suppl 5: 44–52. PMID 12720484.
  99. ^ Cipriani, A; Pretty, H; Hawton, K; Geddes, JR (2005 Oct). "Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials.". The American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (10): 1805–19.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1805. PMID 16199826.
  100. ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009.
  101. ^ "Deaths estimates for 2008 by cause for WHO Member States". World Health Organization. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  102. ^ Haney, EM; O'Neil, ME; Carson, S; Low, A; Peterson, K; Denneson, LM; Oleksiewicz, C; Kansagara, D (2012 Mar). Suicide Risk Factors and Risk Assessment Tools: A Systematic Review. PMID 22574340.
  103. ^ a b Weiyuan, C (2009 Dec). "Women and suicide in rural China.".Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87 (12): 888–9.doi:10.2471/BLT.09.011209. PMC 2789367. PMID 20454475.
  104. ^ a b Sue, David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Diane Sue, Stanley. Understanding abnormal behavior (Tenth ed., [student ed.] ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-111-83459-3.
  105. ^ a b c d Pitman, A; Krysinska, K; Osborn, D; King, M (2012 Jun 23). "Suicide in young men.". Lancet 379 (9834): 2383–92. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60731-4. PMID 22726519.
  106. ^ Szasz, Thomas (1999). Fatal freedom : the ethics and politics of suicide. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-275-96646-1.
  107. ^ a b Maris, Ronald (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. New York [u.a.]: Guilford Press. pp. 97–103. ISBN 978-1-57230-541-0.
  108. ^ Dickinson, Michael R. Leming, George E. Understanding dying, death, and bereavement (7th ed. ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-495-81018-6.
  109. ^ Durkheim's Suicide : a century of research and debate (1. publ. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. 2000. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-20582-5.
  110. ^ a b Maris, Ronald (2000). Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. New York [u.a.]: Guilford Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-1-57230-541-0.
  111. ^ a b c d e McLaughlin, Columba (2007). Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-470-51241-8.
  112. ^ White, Tony (2010). Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84905-115-6.
  113. ^ Paperno, Irina (1997). Suicide as a cultural institution in Dostoevsky's Russia. Ithaca: Cornell university press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8014-8425-4.
  114. ^ al.], David Lanham ... [et (2006). Criminal laws in Australia. Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-86287-558-6.
  115. ^ Duffy, Michael Costa, Mark (1991). Labor, prosperity and the nineties : beyond the bonsai economy (2nd ed. ed.). Sydney: Federation Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-86287-060-4.
  116. ^ Quill, Constance E. Putnam ; foreword by Timothy E. (2002). Hospice or hemlock? : searching for heroic compassion. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89789-921-5.
  117. ^ Holt, Gerry."When suicide was illegal". BBC News. 3 August 2011. Accessed 11 August 2011.
  118. ^ "Guardian & Observer style guide". Guardian website. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  119. ^ Srivastava, editors, Nitish Dogra, Sangeet. Climate change and disease dynamics in India. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-7993-412-8.
  120. ^ "German politician Roger Kusch helped elderly woman to die" Times Online July 2, 2008
  121. ^ a b Appel, JM (May 2007). "A Suicide Right for the Mentally Ill? A Swiss Case Opens a New Debate". Hastings Center Report 37 (3): 21–23.doi:10.1353/hcr.2007.0035. PMID 17649899.
  122. ^ "Chapter 127.800–995 The Oregon Death with Dignity Act". Oregon State Legislature.
  123. ^ "Chapter 70.245 RCW, The Washington death with dignity act".Washington State Legislature.
  124. ^ Dr. Ronald Roth, D.Acu. "Suicide & Euthanasia – a Biblical Perspective". Acu-cell.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  125. ^ "Norman N. Holland, Literary Suicides: A Question of Style". Clas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  126. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church – PART 3 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 2 ARTICLE 5". Scborromeo.org. 1941-06-01. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  127. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church – PART 3 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 2 ARTICLE 5". Scborromeo.org. 1941-06-01. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  128. ^ "The Bible and Suicide". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  129. ^ "Euthanasia and Judaism: Jewish Views of Euthanasia and Suicide". ReligionFacts.com. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  130. ^ Hindu Website. Hinduism and suicide
  131. ^ a b "Hinduism – Euthanasia and Suicide". BBC. 2009-08-25.
  132. ^ a b c "Suicide (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  133. ^ Kant, Immanuel. (1785) Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals, M. Gregor (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-521-56673-5. p177.
  134. ^ Safranek John P (1998). "Autonomy and Assisted Suicide: The Execution of Freedom". The Hastings Center Report 28 (4): 33.
  135. ^ Raymond Whiting: A natural right to die: twenty-three centuries of debate, pp. 13–17; Praeger (2001) ISBN 0-313-31474-8
  136. ^ Wesley J. Smith, Death on Demand: The assisted-suicide movement sheds its fig leaf, The Weekly Standard, June 5, 2007
  137. ^ "The Suicide". The Walters Art Museum.
  138. ^ Ozawa-de Silva, C (2008 Dec). "Too lonely to die alone: internet suicide pacts and existential suffering in Japan.". Culture, medicine and psychiatry32 (4): 516–51. doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0. PMID 18800195.
  139. ^ Durkee, T; Hadlaczky, G; Westerlund, M; Carli, V (2011 Oct). "Internet pathways in suicidality: a review of the evidence.". International journal of environmental research and public health 8 (10): 3938–52.doi:10.3390/ijerph8103938. PMC 3210590. PMID 22073021.
  140. ^ a b Robinson, edited by David Picard, Mike. Emotion in motion : tourism, affect and transformation. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4094-2133-7.
  141. ^ Robinson, ed. by Peter; Heitmann, Sine; Dieke, Peter (2010). Research themes for tourism. Oxfordshire [etc.]: CABI. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-84593-684-6.
  142. ^ a b Dennis, Richard (2008). Cities in modernity : representations and productions of metropolitan space, 1840 – 1930 (Repr. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-46841-1.
  143. ^ McDougall, Tim; Armstrong, Marie; Trainor, Gemma (2010). Helping children and young people who self-harm : an introduction to self-harming and suicidal behaviours for health professionals. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-49913-2.
  144. ^ a b Bateson, John (2008). Building hope : leadership in the nonprofit world. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-313-34851-8.
  145. ^ a b Miller, David (2011). Child and Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: School-Based Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-60623-997-1.
  146. ^ Chang, Kenneth (August 25, 2008). In Salmonella Attack, Taking One for the Team. New York Times
  147. ^ Tofilski,Adam; Couvillon, MJ;Evison, SEF; Helantera, H; Robinson, EJH; Ratnieks, FLW (2008). "Preemptive Defensive Self-Sacrifice by Ant Workers" (PDF). The American Naturalist 172 (5): E239–E243.doi:10.1086/591688. PMID 18928332.
  148. ^ Larry O'Hanlon (Mar 10, 2010). Animal Suicide Sheds Light on Human Behavior. Discovery News
  149. ^ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>. Life In The Undergrowth. BBC
  150. ^ Bordereau, C; Robert, A.; Van Tuyen, V.; Peppuy, A. (August, 1997)."Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)". Insectes Sociaux (Birkhäuser Basel) 44 (3): 289. doi:10.1007/s000400050049
  151. ^ Nobel, Justin (Mar. 19, 2010). Do Animals Commit Suicide? A Scientific Debate. Time
  152. ^ Stoff, David; Mann, J. John (1997). "Suicide Research". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) 836 (Neurobiology of Suicide, The : From the Bench to the Clinic): 1–11. Bibcode:1997NYASA.836....1S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52352.x
  153. ^ Hall 1987, p.282
  154. ^ "Jonestown Audiotape Primary Project." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.Archived 24 January 2011 at WebCite
  155. ^ "1978:Suicide Leaves 900 Dead". Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  156. ^ John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945, Random House, 1970, p. 519
  157. ^ Suicide and Self-Starvation, Terence M. O'Keeffe, Philosophy, Vol. 59, No. 229 (Jul., 1984), pp. 349–363
  158. ^ Watson, Bruce (2007). Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43. Stackpole Books. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8117-3381-6.

Related Posts: