? ???t??????? a?t?p??s?pe?e? t? ?e????µa t?? ???? ?t??? ?a? µa?? µ' a?t? t?? a??? ??a µ?a ??a ???. ?? ?????p?? p?ste???? ?t? fe????ta? ? pa???? ?????? pa???e? µa?? t?? ?? ?,t? ?a?? e??e ?a? pe??µ????? ?a ???e? ?...
???? µe ta d??a t??. «G??e ????e f??e t??a, p?e? ? d??? s?? ? se???, ???e ? ???? µe ta d??a, µe t?a???d?a, µe ?a??»...
? ?a????????? ?????? f??t?µ???? µe ??e??a, e?p?de? ?a? ?p?s??se?? ??a t? ???, ???e? t?? eµf???s? t?? ?aµ??e?ast??, ?a???µe??? ?eµ?t?? a?s??d???a ?a? ?? ?????p?? t?? ?p?d????ta? µe p???te???µata, ????t????ta? ?a? e?p????ta? se ??p??a a??a??, se µ?a ?a??te?? ?a? p?? e?t???sµ??? ???.
? e??tasµ?? t?? ???? ?t??? e??a? µ?a ap? t?? a??a??te?e? ????t??. ?????? p?ste???? ?t? ?e????se st?? a??a?a ?aß????a pe??p?? 4.000 ?????a p???, t?? ??????, ?at? t? p??t? ??? fe????? µet? t?? ea???? ?s?µe??a.
G?a p???? ?????a, ?? ??µa??? ????ta?a? ?? ???t???????, t?? p??t? ?a?t???. ?? 46 p.?., ?µ??, ? ??????? ?a?sa?a? ef??µ?se ??a ??? ?µe???????, a?t? p?? ?s??e? ?a? s?µe?a, µe ap?t??esµa ?a µet?? ?? p??t? t?? ??????, ? p??t? ?a???a????. ? µ??a? a?t?? ??e? p??e? t? ???µ? t?? ap? t?? Te? t?? ??µa??? ?a??, o ?p???? p??ta ape??????eta? µe d?? p??s?pa, µe t? ??a ?a ???t??e? p?s? st?? pa??? ????? ?a? t? ????, µp??st?, st? ??? ?t??.
?? ????t?? t?? ??µa??? ???µ????ta? Calends (calendar=?a?e?t???=?µe???????) ?a? ?? ?????p?? st????a? ta sp?t?a t??? ?a? a?t???assa? d??a.
? ????d??? e????s?a t?? ep???? ?????? t?? ?e????? ???sta?t????, epe?d? ??e?e ?a ????se? t??? ???st?a???? ap? t??? e?d?????t?e?, apa???e?e st??? p??t??? ?a ????t????? t?? ???t???????, ?p?? ?? de?te???. ?a ap?te??sµata t?? apa???e?s?? a?t?? ?ta? p??? µ????. ?pa?e?f???a? µ??? ta st???e?a e?e??a p?? ?????ta? se e??e?a a?t??es? p??? t? ???st?a???? ?????.
?a ???µa t?? ???t????????
? ???t???????, ?p?? a?t? d?aµ??f????e ??t? ap? t?? ep?d?as? t?? e????s?a? ?a? t? s??des? t?? µe t? ????t? t?? ????? ?as??e???, d?a????st??e ??? s?µe?a ?? ?a??? ????t? µe ???µa st?? pe?????? ???? t?? ????da?. ???µa, ?µ??, t?? ???t???????? ?p?????? ?a? st?? ?p????p? ??sµ?. ????? de ap? a?t? ????? ?a??e???e? ?a? st? ???a µa?.
?a ???µa t?? ???t???????? s?et????ta? ?????? µe t? ?a??t??? t?? ??????? p?? ???eta?. ?p?? ??a pa??de??µa, t? sp?s?µ? t?? ??d???, p?? ???? t?? p????? sp???? t?? pa?ap?µpe? st?? e??? ??a p???ap?as?asµ? t?? a?a??? ? t? ???µasµa t?? a??????eµµ?da?, f?t? µe????? a?t????.
?p? f?ß? ??a ta µe????µe?a ???eta? ?a? t? p?da????, ? ?p?d??? t?? p??t?? p??s?p?? p?? ?a µpe? st? sp?t? µa? ?ta? a????e? ? ??????. ????? pa?d?? ?a? ?e???? ?a????????? ?????p?? p??s?a????ta? ?a ?????? p?da????, ?ste ? ???????e?a ?a apa??a?te? ap? ?t?d?p?te ?a??.
??? ?a??t???a t? ?????? p?? ???eta? ep?d?????? ?a? ?s?? pa????? ?a?t?? ? t??e?? pa????d?a, ???µ? p?? s?et??eta? µe t?? a????? t?? p?????s?? t?? µ?????t??, ?p?? ?a? ???e?, ????te?? ???st??, s????e?e?.
?p?? ??a pa??de??µa ? t?p???t?s? f????? e???? st? t???? ? ?????? s?ta???? st? st??t?. ?? ????µ? t??? ?d??e st???e?a µa?t?µat?? ??a t?? ?at?stas? t?? ??e?a? t?? pa?e???s??µ???? ?at? t? d????e?a t?? ???? ?t??? ??p.
? ?a??p???a, ?? ßas??? fa??t? t?? ?µ??a t?? ???t????????, ???e st?? ????da ap? t? ???e?a ????p?. ?? ??t????? e?e? a????? µa?e??e?a? µe???a p????? ??a t? ????t??? ?e?µa. ???t?µ??sa? t??? fas?a????, t?? ???e? ?a? ta pa????a. ?ta? ?µ?? d???µasa? t? ?a??p???a, t?? ?a?????sa? ?? t? ?ate????? p??t???????t??? ?e?µa. ?? ???µ? t?? ?a??p???a? ?ftase st?? ????p? ap? t? ?e???? t? 1824 µ.?. St?? ????da pa?ad?s?a?? fa??t? ??a t?? ???t??????? ?ta? t? ??????? ???a?, ?p?? ?a? ??a ta ???st???e??a.
? ??-?as????
???µe?a t?? ???t??????? ?? ????d???? ???st?a??? ????t????? t? µ??µ? t?? ????? ?as??e??? ap? t?? ?a?s??e?a. ?eßa???, st?? ß?t???e? t?? ?atast?µ?t?? ep???ate? ??a? ????? ?????, ? ?p???? ???eta? ap? t?? pa??µ??? ?ap???a, ???st?? ?? Santa Claus. ? ????? a?t?? de? ??e? ?aµ?? s??s? µe t?? d??? µa?. ????e?ta? ??a t?? ???? ?????a?.
? d???? µa? ????? ?as??e??? ???eta? t?? ?µ??a t?? ???t???????? ap? t?? ?a?s??e?a ?a? e??a? ? f???????p?? ep?s??p??, ??a? ap? t??? ??e?? ?e????e?, e?? ? Santa Claus ???e ap? t?? ?µe???? ?a? ? s??p?? t?? ?pa???? t?? ?ta? ?a d?af?µ?se? ???st? a?a???t???. ??µ??????? t??, de, ?p???e ? ?µe???a??? s??ts????f?? ??µa? ?ast, t? 1862.
? ßas???p?ta
? p?ta, p?? ft??????µe t?? pa?aµ??? t?? ???t???????? ?a? ??ßeta? pa???s?a ???? t?? µe??? t?? ???????e?a?, ? ?a? ????? s???e??? ?a? f????, ??e? t?? ???e? t?? sta a??a?a e???????µa??? ???µa. Sta ?????a (e??t? t?? ?e?? ?(?)?????, p?? ?at?e??ta? st?? ????da) ?a? sta Sat???????a (saturnalia) t?? ??µ?? ?ft?a??a? ????? ?a? p?te?, µ?sa sta ?p??a ?ßa?a? ??µ?sµata ?a? se ?p???? t??a??e t? ??µµ?t? ?ta? ? t??e??? t?? pa??a?.
? ????d??? pa??d?s? s???dese t? ???µ? µe t? ßas???p?ta ?a? t?? ?st???a t?? ????? ?as??e???, ? ?p???? ??a ?a p??state?se? t?? pe??f??e?? t??, t?? ?a?s??e?a t?? ?appad???a?, ap? ep?d??µ? a???f????, ??a?e ??a?? ?a? µ??e?e ???s? ??µ?sµata ?a? ???a t?µa?f? ??a ?a ta d?se? st??? e??????, ?ste ?a t??? de?e?se? ?a? ?a µ? ?e??at?s??? t?? pe????? t??. ? e?????, ?µ??, te???? de? ?at????se ?a e?sß??e? st?? ?a?s??e?a ?a? ta t?µa?f? ?µe??a?. ??te, ? ???a? ?as??e??? e?pe ?a ft?????? µ????? p?te? - ??µ???a, µ?sa st?? ?p??e? ?ßa?a? ?a? ??a ???s? ??µ?sµa, ? ??t? ???? ap? ??a ta p???t?µa p???µata, p?? e??a? s???e?t???e?. ?? p?te? a?t?? µ????st??a? se ????? ?a? ? ?a???a? ??at??se ?,t? t?? t??a??e.
?? ???µ? t?? ßas???p?ta? e??a? pa?e??ad??? ?a? ? ?ata???? t?? ??e? ???e? st?? a??a??t?ta. ???tast????? ??t??? ??a ?a??t???a pa?as?e?????ta? ?at? t? d????e?a a??a??? ????t??. ?p?s??, e??a? ???st?? ?? e?e?µe??st???? p??sf???? p??? t??? ?e????? ?a? ta p?e?µata.
?as???p?ta pa?as?e?a??ta? se ??? t? ???a, µe pa?a??a???. St? Tessa??a, ??a pa??de??µa, ?ft?a??a? p?ta µe f???a. ??sa ?ßa?a? ???? ???µa, t??f????, ?a?aµp???, fas???, ?????.
«???e ??µµ?t? e??e ?a? ap? ??t? ?a? a?t? p?? t??a??e st?? ?a???a s?µa??e ?t? ?a ?p?epe ?a t?? apas????se? ?? ?a??????e?a t? ep?µe?? ?t?? ? ap?? ?t? ?a p??a??e ?a?? ? s???e???µ??? s?de?? t? ?????? a?t?» s?µe???e? ? ?. ?????e??? ?a?aµa???, e?e???t?? t?? ???t??? ?a???af?a? t?? ??ad?µ?a? ??????, ?a? s??e???e?:
«St? ????? ?s?a, ?p?? t? p?a?s?? ?ta? p?? ast???, s???????ta? t? ?????sµa ? t? ????? ??µ? ??µ?µ??? µe d??f??a ??µa????. St? ?a?ed???a ?a? t? Tessa??a, ?p?? ? p????sµ?? ?ta? p?? a???t????, ?ft?a??a? t???p?ta ? ??eat?p?ta. ? p?ta ?ta? t? p?? s?????sµ??? fa??t? ??a t??? a????p??? t?? pe??????. ?p???, st?? ????t?? ?ta? p?? p???s?? ??at? ?ßa?a? µ?sa ???a? ??ta?».
?e t? ????µ? t?? p?ta? t? µes?µ??? t?? ???t????????, s?????? ap? t?? µe?a??te?? t?? ???????e?a?, ? pa??d?s? t?? ßas???p?ta? ??????????ta?. S?µe?a s??e???e? ?a ap?te?e? a?ap?spast? ??µµ?t? t?? p???t?sµ?? µa?, e?? ? te?et? ??p? t?? µp??e? ?a s??e??ste? ?a?' ??? t? d????e?a t?? p??t?? µ???? t?? ?????? ap? s?µate?a, ?d??µata ?a? ???a??sµ???...
NEA