? ????da ß??s?eta? ??t? ? p??? ??t? ap? t?? µ?s? ??? t?? ?????-µe??? t?? ??S?, ?s?? af??? ??a s?ed?? ta ???t???a p?? a?????????, s?????t???, t?? ep?d?se?? t?? e?????? s?st?µat?? ep?st?µ?? ?a? ?a???t?µ?a? t??, s?µf??a µe t?? te?e?ta?a ???es? t?? ...
???a??sµ?? ??????µ???? S??e??as?a? ?a? ???pt???? «OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012».
? ???s? ?a??st? ??s?ast??? a??f??t?, s?µf??a µe t?? ???a??sµ?, t?? st??? ??a a???s? t?? ?d? e?a??et??? ?aµ???? dapa??? ??a ??e??a ?a? a??pt??? -p?? ß??s???ta? st? 0,6% t?? ???- st? 1,5% t?? ???.
?e?te ??O t? tµ?µa t?? ???es?? ??a t?? ????da (a??????)
? ???a??sµ?? t????e? ?t? t??a e??a? ta ??µata a??µ?? st? ped?? t?? ??e??a? ?a? a??pt???? st?? ????da, ta ?p??a ??????? ?µes?? a?t?µet?p?s??: ?a ße?t?????? t? ?esµ??? p?a?s?? ?a? ?? ?e????te?e? s?????e? ?ste ?a e??s???e? ? ?a???t?µ?a, ?a ap?te??se? ? ?a???t?µ?a t?? p????a t?? a?ta????st???t?ta? t?? e???????? ??????µ?a? ?a?, t????, ?a µetat?ape? ? ep?de????µe?? «d?a???? e??ef????» se «?????f???a e??ef????».
? ???es? a?af??e? ?t? «t? t????? e?e???t??? s?st?µa t?? ????da? e??a? ad??aµ? ?a? se µe???? ßa?µ? ap?s??deµ??? ap? t?? e?????a ??????µ?a». ???µa, ep?s?µa??e? ?t? ? a?epa???? eµp????? a???p???s? st?? a????? ???? p?????t?? ap? ?a???t?µ??? ep??e???µat?e?, µ?sa ap? t? s??e??as?a e??????? pa?ep?st?µ??? ?a? eta?????, p??pe? efe??? ?a ap?te??se? ßas??? p??te?a??t?ta t?? ????da?.
? ???a??sµ?? ?p???aµµ??e? ?t? p??pe? ?a ?pe?p?d????? ?? s?ßa??? ad??aµ?e? st? «s?st?µa ?a???t?µ?a?» t?? ???a?, ??a? pa?????ta? ???s?µ?? p???e?µ???? ?a a?a?t??e? ? a?ta????st???t?t? t??. ? µe??t? s?µe???e? ?t? ?? dap??e? ??a ??e??a ?a? ???pt??? (R & D) ????? «?????se?» µ???? st? 0,60% t?? e???????? ??? (? pa?a??te??? e?????? st???? ??a p?s?st? 1,5% t?? ??? ??? t? 2020 ?e??e?ta? p???? a??f??t??). ?p?p????, st? s????? t?? s?et???? e??????? dapa???, ????a????? ?? d?µ?s?e? epe?d?se?? ??a ??e??a ?a? a??pt???, ?? ?p??e? ?µ??, pa???a a?t?, pa?aµ????? p??? ?aµ???te?e? ap? t?? µ?s? ??? t?? ??S?.
?p? t?? ????, ?? a?t?st???e? dap??e? t?? e???????? ep??e???se?? ??a R & D e??a? ap???t?? a?epa??e??, ??ta? ?? de?te?e? ?aµ???te?e? µeta?? t?? ????? t?? ??S?, e?? ??????e?t??? st?? «p?t?» t?? ??S? ß??s?eta? ?a? ? a???µ?? t?? ???? eµp?????? ?a???t?µ???? pate?t??, e?te ap? e???????? eta??e?e? e?te ap? e??????? pa?ep?st?µ?a.
?p?? t????e? ? ???es?, ?? s??se?? µeta?? t?? pa?ep?st?µ??? ?a? t?? e???????? ß??µ??a???? e??a? ?s????, µe te???? ap?t??esµa ?a ?p???e? afe??? p??? µ???? ??t?s? ap? t?? e?????e? eta??e?e? ??a ?a???t?µ??? ??e??a ?a?, afet????, ?a ?p???e? e??s?? a?????a µ???? p??sf??? ?a???t?µ??? ap? ta e??????? pa?ep?st?µ?a, ??a ta ?p??a ep?p??s??t?? ???eta? ???t??? a?af??? s?et??? µe t?? µ?t??a p???t?t? t???. ?a??????a, ?p???aµµ??eta? ?t?, µ?sa se ??a t?t??? s??????, d?a?????? d?a???? ??a «µ?a??» st? e??te????, ??t? p?? e?te??eta? d?a???? ???? t?? s??e????µe??? ??????µ???? ???s??.
? ??S? ep?s?µa??e? ?t? ? ??????µ??? ???s? ?d??e? se pe?a?t??? s???????s? t?s? t?? d?µ?s??? ?s? ?a? t?? ?d??t???? epe?d?se?? ??a ??e??a ?a? a??pt??? st?? ????da, µe s???pe?a p???? ta d?a????t??? ?ef??a?a t?? ?? ?a pa?aµ?????, ??s?ast???, ? s?µa?t???te?? p??? ???µat?d?t?s?? t?? ?p???? e??????? ?a???t?µ???. ? ???a??sµ?? ?p?st????e? p??, ??' a?t? a???ß?? t? ????, ? ßas??? p?????s? e??a? ?a ap????f????? p????? a?t?? ?? ?????t???? p???? ?a? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? ap?te?esµat???.
? e????a d?e????
? d?e???? ??????µ??? ???s?, p?? ?a?a?t????eta? µeta?? ????? ap? ???e??? ??t?s?? ?a? d?s????a ???µat?d?t?s??, ??e? ?? s???pe?a t?? µe???? µe??s? t?? dapa??? t?? ep??e???se?? ??a ??e??a ?a? ?e???????a (R & D), ? µe??t? d?ap?st??e? ?t? s?ed?? ??e? ?? ???e?-µ??? t?? ??S? (µe e?a??es? µ??? t? Ga???a ?a? t?? ????a) eµfa?????? pt?s? st?? s?et???? ?d??t???? epe?d?se??, ?e????? p?? a?aµ??eta? ?a ??e? a???t???? s???pe?e? ??a t?? p?????s? ?a???t?µ??? ?a? t?? µa???p???esµ? a??pt???.
? ??S? ep?s?µa??e? ?t? ? pt?s? t?? epe?d?se?? t?? ?d??t???? t?µ?a st??? t?µe?? t?? ??e??a? ?a? a??pt???? a?t?sta?µ??eta? e? µ??e? ap? t?? a???s? t?? a?t?st????? d?µ?s??? epe?d?t???? dapa???, ?a??? p????? ??ße???se?? (?p?? t?? ???, t?? Ge?µa??a?, t?? S???d?a?, t?? ??ßet?a?, t?? ?a?ad?, t?? ??st?a??a? ?.a.) d????? p??s?eta ????t?a ?a? ep?d?t?se??.
?µ??, a?t? de? ?s??e? ??a ???e? ?p?? ? ????da, ? ?spa??a, ? ???a?d?a, ? S??ßa??a, ? S??ße??a ?.a., st?? ?p??e? pa?at??e?ta? µe??s? t?? ??at???? dapa??? ??a R&D, t?s? p?? a?aµ??eta? ?a s??e??ste? ?a? ta ep?µe?a ?????a. ??µ????????ta? ?ts? ???e? d?af???? «ta??t?t??» st? es?te???? t?? ??S?, ?s?? af??? t?? e??s??s? t?? ??e??a? ?a? te???????a?, t?? ?at' e????? «atµ?µ??a???» t?? ??????µ???? a??pt????.
? e????a e??a? d?af??et??? a?????a µe t?? t?µ?a ??????µ???? d?ast????t?ta? d?e????. G?a pa??de??µa, pa?? t?? ???s?, ?? µe???e? eta???e? ????sµ???? ?a? ??e?a? s??e?????? sta?e?? ?a a??????? t?? epe?d?se?? R & D, e?? st?? a?t?????t?ß??µ??a??a ? pt?s? e??a? p??? a?s??t?, a??et? µe?a??te?? se s??s? µe t?? ae???a?p?????, t?? p????f????? (hardware) ?a? t?? ?at???? e??p??sµ?.
? ???es? p??s??te? ?t? a? ?a? se ??? s?ed?? t?? ??sµ? ?? e?e?d??e?µ???? e??a??µe??? (e???te? ?a? ?p???????) ????? p???e? ????te?? se s??s? µe t??? a?e?d??e?t???, e??a? ?d? ??at? ? a???s? t?? µa????????? a?e???a? µeta?? t?? e?e?d??e?µ???? e??a??µ???? se ???e? ?p?? ? ????da, ? ?s????a, ? ???t??a??a, ? ?spa??a, ? ???a?d?a, a??µa ?a? ?? ???.
? ??S? ?p???aµµ??e? ?t? se t?µe?? ????? e?e??ss?µe????, ?p?? ? ß??te???????a, ? p????f????? ?a? ? ae???a?t???, ? pa?aµ??? e??? e??a??µe??? ??a ?a??? e?t?? e??as?a? ??s?ast??? e?as?e?e? pe?a?t??? t? ??s? t??, ?a??? ???e? epaf? µe t?? s??????e? apa?t?se?? t?? a????? e??as?a?, e?? pa??????a t? a????p??? ?ef??a?? t?? ???a? ?p?ßa?µ??eta? s??????? - ??t? p?? ap?te?e? p?????s? p??? a?t?µet?p?s? ??a t?? ????da....