This article explores, from an anarchist perspective, the sugar industry in southern
Africa, and how the two dominant companies - Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett - exploit and
oppress workers and communities surrounding their operations. ---- Southern Africa has
become well known for being one of the cheapest places to produce sugar. Consequently,
million of tons are produced in the region every year. Two companies have come to dominate
much of this lucrative industry: Illovo Sugar and Tongaat-Hulett. It is little wonder
(given how profitable the sector is), that in 2012 these two South African headquartered
sugar giants once again declared massive annual profits. In fact, Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett have been reaping in billions of Rands from their operations in South
Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Swaziland over the years.
Illovo and Tongaat-Hullett have publicly claimed that despite their drive to maximise
profits and their self-declared goals of becoming the cheapest sugar producers in the
world; they have also played a valuable social role in the southern Africa. As part of
this, both these companies have publicly declared that they care deeply about the welfare
of workers. They claim workers employed by them are well paid, that they are respected and
valued. It is, however, not only workers that these two companies claim to treat well.
Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett have repeatedly highlighted their Corporate Social
Responsibility programmes, including work around HIV/AIDS and outgrowing schemes. This has
all been used by these two companies to argue that they play a very positive role in society.
Unfortunately, much of this is a public relations campaign that is designed to sugar coat
the shady practices of these two companies. In reality, both of these companies? profits
are based on paying abysmal wages. Linked to this, other negative practices have been
prevalent like forcing workers to work and live under appalling conditions, being involved
in land grabs, destroying people?s livelihoods, and abusing the environment. Racial
discrimination against low paid black workers also appears to be part of the practices of
Illovo. If truth be told, Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett too have benefited from the political
links they have in the region, which has included states aiding these companies to break
strikes or handing out tax breaks. The aim of this article is to trace some of these
negative practices, and to juxtapose them with the positive images that have been
portrayed by these companies? public relations machines.
Paying a Pittance
While claiming to remunerate their workers relatively well, when one scratches beneath the
media statements, one finds a much darker story. Many workers are badly paid, overworked
and/or casaulised. Undoubtedly, the worst paid workers in Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett?s
operations are the workers in the cane fields. In 2007 on Tongaat-Hulett?s Mozambique
plantations, for example, cane cutters were being paid as little as R 300 a month. By
2012, the situation had not improved with cane cutters still earning a mere R 378 a month.
The company has claimed that this was above the national minimum wage, and hence believes
that there has been nothing wrong. However, this is no hard-stick to be proud of ? the
minimum wage in Mozambique is not enough to secure the very basics of life. Consequently,
many of the field workers have had to find other ways of making extra money to simply
cover the costs of food and rent. Coupled to this, some workers have complained that the
company forces them to work up to 14 hours a day and that they have been expected to also
work weekends. This means that within a month, some workers have been working up to 30 to
31 days, but were only paid for 26 days.
Such practices are not isolated instances. Workers in the sugar sector from Tanzania to
Malawi have complained of poor pay. Cane cutters at Illovo?s operations in Tanzania and
Malawi were respectively earning R 371 and R 349 a month in 2011/12. Workers in
Tongaat-Hulett?s fields in Zimbabwe were faring a little better and were receiving just
over R 600 a month ? which, however, is still a pittance. Workers too in South Africa have
highlighted grievances around Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett. Workers have not always been paid
overtime and promised bonuses have, at times, been withheld.
To cut costs and increase profits, most workers in Illovo?s and Tongaat-Hulett?s fields
are hired only on a seasonal basis. Outsourcing of agricultural production has also become
common. While Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett claim that the lives of many people have been
improved by these ?outgrower? schemes, the truth has not been so simple. Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett reportedly place immense pressure on the outgrowers to produce sugarcane at
a very low price. To produce cheaply, many of the outgrowers are involved in employing
vulnerable workers at extremely low wages. Targets are also set for the workers; and if
not met, they are not paid in full. Benefits are reportedly also non-existent for many of
the workers, which includes basic rights such as maternity leave, sick leave and over-time
pay. Of course, Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett benefit from such abuses: it has become cheaper
and more profitable for Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett to outsource agricultural production,
but it has been the workers that have paid the consequences.
Along with paying many workers extremely low wages, Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett also operate
as exploitative landlords hiring out accommodation to their workers at high prices. This
accommodation is often in an appalling state. It has been reported by the Tanzania Union
of Industrial and Commercial Organisation that rent charged by Illovo for housing for cane
cutters was so expensive that up to 10 workers were being forced to live in one room;
despite clubbing their wages to afford the rent. Likewise, at Tongaat-Hulett?s
accommodation for seasonal cane cutters in Mozambique, 4 workers were being expected to
share a single room. This accommodation was in a dreadful condition, and as a result an
outbreak of cholera occurred in 2010. During this, 3 workers died in the accommodation;
while more workers reportedly died later once they had been transported to hospital.
Indeed, through renting accommodation to workers at high prices, both Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett have been, in practice, reducing the real wages that workers earn. Central,
therefore, to the huge profits of these companies has been the ruthless exploitation of
workers.
Bullying workers
Despite clearly paying many workers exceptionally low wages, Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett,
nonetheless, claim to respect workers? rights, including their right to organise. However,
at various times, workers have complained that they have been subjected to abuses at the
hands of these companies, including attacks on their basic organising rights.
There is ample evidence to back up these claims. At Illovo Malawi, when workers embarked
on a strike in 2011, to demand improved wages, some of the key workers involved were
immediately dismissed. The grounds that the company dismissed the workers on included,
amongst other things, holding a union meeting without the knowledge and permission of the
company. Amongst those fired were officials from the Sugar Plantation and Allied Workers
Union. Prior to being fired these two officials had been subjected to intimidation at the
hands of management. Linked to this, the union had its access to emails restricted by the
company. The company also colluded with the local police, and the two union officials were
later detained. The fact that the company openly believes that a union should not be
allowed to meet without its permission, reveals the level of arrogance that exists amongst
top Illovo management. Indeed, such practices are a complete violation of the right of
freedom of association.
In Zambia in mid-2012 a similar attack on striking workers occurred at Illovo?s Nakambala
Estate. In the run up to mid-2012, the company?s operations in Zambia had declared huge
profits. In the light of this, 3000 workers demanded their rightful share and went out on
strike for higher wages. Illovo and the state, however, declared the strike illegal. A
solution looked like it had been reached when the company and the National Union of
Plantation and Allied Workers reached an agreement around wage increases. With this, the
workers returned to work. Illovo, however, went on the offensive and wrote letters to a
119 of the workers, informing them of the company?s intention to charge them with
misconduct. Of these, 70 workers identified as ringleaders were also suspended. If truth
be told, the company looks as if it is seeking to dismiss these workers in what appears to
be blatant retaliation against sections of the workers that went out on strike.
A similar story has occurred at Illovo?s operation in Tanzania. When migrant workers
undertook a go-slow to protest against ill-treatment and low pay in 2011, they were
threatened with losing their jobs. At one point, the local police were called by the
company, in what was a barefaced bid to intimidate workers. This even saw police members
individually questioning workers whether they intended to continue with their action. If
so, they were informed that they would no longer be employed and would be physically
returned to the areas from which they had come. Most workers chose not to return to work
and in the end as many as 1 400 workers were fired. The company, realising production
would be severely hit, then offered to re-employ some of these workers; many of whom
rejected the offer. Clearly, Illovo in Tanzania has little regard for workers or their
rights ? despite what it may claim on its website.
In the case of Tongaat-Hulett, the company has also been willing to use violence to break
strikes. In Mozambique in 2007, one worker was killed by Tongaat-Hulett?s security guards
during a strike. During this incident, the guards fired rubber bullets and even live
ammunition at striking workers.
Workers at Illovo have not only faced an attack on their basic right to organise, but at
times have been subjected to racial abuse and humiliation. At Illovo?s operations in
Zambia, for instance, it has been claimed that some managers ? mostly white South African
expatriates - have used racially abusive language towards workers. The company itself
apparently favours hiring South African?s in management positions over graduates from
Zambia. This same management too has reportedly unconstitutionally imposed curfews for
workers in the past at its Nakambala Estate. It seems quite clear that Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett?s claims to care about workers? rights have been hollow.
Intimidating communities, land grabbing and polluting
Unfortunately, it has not only been workers that have faced the callousness of these two
companies, but also communities ? communities that Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett claim to care
sincerely about.
In Zambia, for example, as part of Illovo?s outsourcing drive, the company has attempted
to expand its outgrowing scheme to the Magobbo village. As part of this, people were
expected to incorporate their land into the scheme. Some members of the community were,
however, unwilling to join. One of these community members noted that when this happened
Illovo threatened to come with graders and destroy their homes unless they joined.
In Mozambique, Illovo has had similar practices. At Maragra it has also been attempting to
expand its outgrowing scheme. Once again, people that refused to join were victimised. It
has been alleged that Illovo did so by damming the local water-source, and then refusing
local peasant farmers access to this water unless they joined the scheme. Fortunately, the
National Union of Peasant Farmers (UNAC) has taken up the struggle against this.
Peasant farmers in Malawi have also not been spared. There, the state transferred land
that was being used by people for subsistence farming around Chipakuza to Illovo, without
the people?s consent. While the company did provide some compensation, this was only for
the people?s houses and existing crops; and not for the land or the future loss of income.
Added to this, the compensation was small.
Pushing people off the land has not only been limited to operations outside of South
Africa. In South Africa too, Tongaat-Hulett has evicted farmworkers that had been
longstanding residents on its land. Along with this, Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett seem to
have an utter disregard for the health of the communities that surround their factories in
South Africa. In Durban, communities surrounding Illovo?s factory have repeatedly
complained of air and noise pollution; and have been subjected to such pollutants as
sulphur, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide; leading to numerous health problems.
In fact, the environmental consequences of Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett?s production can be
seen across southern Africa. An estimated 60% of the water supply in the Zambezi river
basin ? stretching across Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique ? is used for sugar production,
in which Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett are the biggest players. Illovo in Malawi has also
diverted the Shire River to irrigate its plantations. The consequences have been that
subsistence farmers in the area no longer have access to this water. During the dry season
this has meant that these people face the real prospect of failed crops and starvation. As
such, these two companies are not saints out to help society, but rather vultures that
exploit people.
Connections in all the right places
Part of the reason why Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett seem to be able to get away with such
practices is the power that they have, along with the political connections they have, in
southern Africa. As a matter of fact, these two companies have very close relations with
the states, and members of the political elite, in the countries in which they operate
Zambia provides a good example of this. President Banda, along with the South African
President Zuma, even opened the company?s Nakambala Expansion Project. In their speeches
both of these Presidents highlighted how the economic policies of the states they head
have been aimed at benefiting corporations, such as Illovo. In fact, in Zambia the company
has been given massive tax breaks and incentives by the state. The state also protects
Illovo from competition from imports, by placing high import tariffs on sugar. Added to
this, Illovo managed to get the state to block the entry of potential rival, the Indian
linked company Shree Rakuna, into the country. In 2009, President Banda even announced
that crop levies for commercial farmers would be scrapped, of which Illovo was the main
beneficiary.
In the case of the South African state, it too protects the local operations of Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett through tariffs. In some states in southern Africa, Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett are even involved directly with the state as partners in the sugar
industry, which has included public-private partnerships, getting cheap finance from the
state and other forms major assistance. Across the region, certain states have also pushed
for, and adopted positions, in their trade policies and negotiations that benefit Illovo
and Tongaat-Hulett. For example, the South African state in its negotiations around trade
with the European Union pushed for preferential access to European markets for sugar
produced in South Africa. Of course, the main beneficiaries of this would be Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett.
Some politically influential people have also been part of the boards of these companies.
For instance, Tongaat-Hulett?s board members have included a Director in SADC, the former
Governor of the Mozambique Central Bank, a one-time member of the South African State
Presidency?s National Planning Commission and an advisor to the drafters of the South
African state?s economic policy, ASGISA.
Indeed, the vast majority of policies and actions of the states in southern Africa have
been aimed at benefiting capitalists, such as Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett. Even the SADC
agreements around sugar were designed to benefit the likes of Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett.
In many African countries, as touched upon above, local states have also intervened to
assist the likes of Illovo in grabbing land and undermining strikes. As such, the great
revolutionary anarchist Peter Kropotkin had a point when he said:
?states have always interfered in the economic life in favour of the capitalist exploiter.
They have always granted protection in robbery, given aid and support for further
enrichment. And it could not be otherwise. To do so was one of the functions ? the chief
mission ? of the state.?
Conclusion
Far from benefiting society in southern Africa, many of the actions of Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett have had a negative impact on workers and communities. As such, workers and
communities linked to, or working in, Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett face a massive struggle.
These companies possess a lot of power and have proven most willing to use this power
against workers. The states in which these two companies operate have also been strong
backers of Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett, and have intervened to blunt and undermine worker
and community struggles.
Despite these massive challenges, fortunately workers and communities have been involved
in fighting many of the abuses of Illovo, Tongaat-Hulett and their state backers, as has
been evident in such actions as strikes (including wildcat strikes). The fact that Illovo
and Tongaat-Hulett operate in a number of countries, however, has been a major challenge
to the effectiveness of such struggles. Because Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett have operations
in different countries they have been able to undermine and hold out against local strikes
as their operations in other countries have remained unaffected. As such, they are able to
play workers off against one another, and are able to continue production in other areas
as normal
To effectively combat this requires that workers forge unity across borders, and that in
the region they begin to work towards building a counter-power that can win the massive
gains that are so desperately needed. Both Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett are multinationals,
and therefore, need to be challenged in all of the areas in which they operate, so that
any gains won do not remain isolated or rolled back. Through cross-border struggles, the
power that Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett currently have could be undermined. For example,
strike actions would be far more effective if they could take place simultaneously across
borders. This would mean Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett?s operations as a whole would be
impacted on; limiting the manoeuvrability they have. The prospect of workers forging unity
and taking up struggles across borders, nonetheless, remains distant; but steps have
already been made in this direction through an initiative called the Southern African Farm
Workers Network. This, however, would have to be built on if workers in Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett are to win better wages and working conditions as it would require uniting
to fight across the region.
Linking across borders, nonetheless, needs to also be connected to linking the struggles
of communities and workers. The trade union organisational form has the potential to do
this. This, nonetheless, would require that unions go beyond narrowly focusing on
permanent workers. It would, thus, require unions to also take up the issues of casual
workers and those faced by the impoverished communities that surround Illovo and
Tongaat-Hulett?s operations. For instance, trade unions could take up issues such as land
grabs, or access to water, or they could demand jobs for community members. Unions would
also need greater flexibility so that they could recruit casual workers and impoverished
community members. Considering that permanent work is also on the decline, such a strategy
may prove vital for the survival of unions. But taking up struggles of all workers and the
wider community would also strengthen the hand of permanent workers, and could ensure
community support when strikes are undertaken.
An important part of the struggle against companies like Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett is that
unions need to be based on direct democracy, self-organisation and self-education. Unions
need to be directed by members themselves along with establishing an culture of
self-education. This is vital in effectively fighting bosses ? without militant,
confident, self-organised, and knowledgeable members, unions can?t win gains on a
sustained basis. If union officials become disconnected from workers, if unions rely on
specialised negotiators, institutionalised social dialogue and the law to try and win and
maintain gains, they usually end up becoming bureaucratised and their power sags. It is
only independent worker power that can win gains, and that requires very democratic and
militant unions. Certainly, hoping that institutionalised social dialogue or the state
(which is allied to the bosses) will bring workers gains, as opposed to workers themselves
mobilising and fighting for gains, offers little hope. While demands by workers must be
placed on bosses and the state, to win meaningful gains needs workers? power and
militancy. It was long ago pointed out that only workers can free themselves, the same too
applies for workers struggling for gains against Illovo and Tongaat-Hulett.
Bron :
Shawn Hattingh