Ostroumov S.A.
**
The text of the publication:
Overview of new data on the effects of surfactants and detergents on prokaryotes, algae, flagellates, vascular plants and animals - ecological and biospheric importance: new priorities and the new facet of bio-chemical ecology (on the basis of the author’s studies)
S. A. Ostroumov
Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
1overvew.doc
There is no arguing against facts and experiments. |
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) |
1. Synoptic review of selected background literature
In analyses of environmental problems and priorities (Yablokov, Ostroumov, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1988; 1989 a ,b; 1990, 1991; Jablokov, Ostroumov, 1991; Fedorov, Ostroumov, 1984; Ostroumov, 1980, 1981, 1984 a ,b, 1986 a ,b,c,d; 1989; Ostroumov, Krassov, 1986) the importance of environmental pollution of the biosphere was emphasized.
The role of synthetic surfactants as environmental pollutants has been studied mainly on the basis of data on bacteria (e.g., Stavskaya et al., 1988) and on some algae and invertebrates (Mozhaev, 1976; Lewis, 1991a,b). Many authors considered their role far beneath that of priority pollutants, such as heavy metals and pesticides (e.g., Wilson, Fraser, 1977; Moore, Ramamoorthy, 1984; Maki, Bishop, 1985; Rand, Petrocelli, 1985).
We analyzed the number of scholarly publications on the biological effects and the ecological role of synthetic surfactants on the basis of materials published in the abstract journal, Referativny Zhurnal (Moscow
The total annual production and consumption of surfactants (including soap) was above 15 million metric tons worldwide (Berth, Jeschke, 1989), which included 8.9 million metric tons of soap and 7 million tons of other surfactants. By the end of the 1980s, in the U.S.A. , Western Europe and Japan Russia
The mechanisms of the action of surfactants on organisms were studied. Surfactants are considered membranotropic agents (e.g., Stavskaya et al., 1988; Ostroumov, 1991 a , b). The importance of the hazards from disturbing biomembranes was additionally substantiated by studies of the roles of biomembranes, membraneous structures/organelles and some associated functional activities; those were studied in the earlier works in which we were involved (Ostroumov et al., 1973; 1974; 1975 a ,b; 1979 a , b; Drachev et al., 1974 a , b, c; 1976; Skulachev et al., 1974; Barsky et al., 1975 a , b; Ostroumov, 1974; 1975; 1977; 1979; 1986 e, f, g; Ostroumov, Vorobiev, 1976; 1978). In the current study, we focus on organismal and ecological, rather than molecular, aspects of the biological effects of surfactants.
Science moves, but slowly slowly, creeping on from point to point. |
Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) |
2. Methods, organisms, materials used
To reach adequate general conclusions, we have used a broad spectrum of freshwater and marine species, ranging from bacteria to higher invertebrates. The typical and representative species included:
1. Autotrophs, e.g., the cyanobacteria Synechococcus, diatoms Thalassiosirapseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle et Heimdal,green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb, vascular plants Pistia stratiotes L., Elodea canadensis Michx., Sinapis alba L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Oryza sativa L., Lepidium sativum L., Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, and Triticum aestivum L.
2. Heterotrophs, e.g., the bacteria Hyphomonas, gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis, freshwater bivalves Unio tumidus, marine bivalves Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and annelid Hirudo medicinalis.
A new method for quantitative data analysis and the juxtaposition of the results of assessing biological activities has been developed (Ostroumov, 1990 a , 1991 a ,b). New variants of methods for characterizing filtration rates by benthic invertebrates were also proposed and successfully used.
The main substances, the biological effects of which were analysed, included representatives of all main classes of synthetic surfactants:
1. Anionic surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and sulfonol;
2. Non-ionic surfactant: a representative of alkylphenols, Triton X100 (TX100, TX);
3. Cationic surfactants: representatives of quarternary ammonium compounds, e.g., dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide (TDTMA).
4. High-molecular weight surfactants: e.g., SHMA.
In addition, a number of industrial detergents that contain surfactants as part of the mixture were studied. Those included, e.g., Tide, Losk, Kristall, Bio-S. Also, some products were investigated which were being used as body-care products. To make comparisons, we also studied the bioeffects of pesticides, e.g., DNOC and lontrel.
Clear the air! Clean the sky! Wash the wind! |
T.S.Eliot (1888-1965) |
3.Biological effects of anionic surfactants
We studied the biological effects of SDS representing the class of alkylsulphates. The latter are produced and used in large quantities. Thus, only in the U.S.A. USA , Europe and Japan
In experiments with algae, it was shown that both SDS and sulfonol were capable of inhibiting their growth (Goryunova, Ostroumov, 1986; Ostroumov, 1990 a ; 1991 b). In the experiments with aquatic macrophytes and plant seedlings the following was shown. Sulfonol at the concentrations of 0.06-0.12 mL/L impaired the growth and development of Pistia stratiotes (Ostroumov, 1990 b). Sulfonol at the concentrations of 0.05-0.25 microliters/mL and above inhibited the growth of Fagopyrum esculentum and several other species. For F. esculentum, EC50 was found 0.6 microliters/mL. SDS inhibited the elongation of plant seedlings at concentrations of 1 mg/mL and above. Plant seedlings (Sinapis alba, Lepidium sativum, F. esculentum) were successfully used as a bioassay to confirm the efficiency of removing sulfonol from polluted water. The removal was carried out by the biotechnological method of applying the bioreactor with immobilized bacteria Pseudomonas mendocina 2S (Ostroumov, Samoilenko, 1990).
Anionic surfactants were also efficient as chemical agents affecting invertebrates. In the experiments with bivalves, SDS inhibited water filtering by Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis. During the 30-min period after starting the exposure to SDS, at a concentration of 1 mg/L SDS inhibited the filtration rate of M. edulis by 22.8 %, at 2 mg/L by 44.7 %, at 4 mg/L by 76.8 %, and at 5 mg/L by 95.7 %. The quantity of algal cells remaining in the water column following the period of water filtering by mussels was influenced by SDS more drastically than the filtration rate. Thus, the inhibition of the filtration rate induced by SDS (1 mg/L) led to a 2.71-fold difference between the concentrations of cells of Isochrysis galbana in the experimental and control sets of beakers, after an incubation period of 90 min. For additional data on the biological effects of some anionic surfactants (SDS and sulfonol) see in (Goryunova, Ostroumov, 1986; Maximov, Nagel, Ostroumov, 1986 a ; Maximov et al., 1988 a ,b; Ostroumov, Samoilenko, 1990; Ostroumov, 1991 b; 1998; Ostroumov, Donkin, 1997; Ostroumov et al., 1997 a ,b; 1998; see Table A.1).
Now, what I want is, Facts… Facts alone are wanted in life. |
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) |
4.Biological effects of nonionic surfactants
These were studied using Triton X100 (TX100, TX) as the representative example of alkylphenol ethoxylates. In the late 1980s, the total annual production and use of alkylphenol ethoxylates in the U.S.A. , Europe and Japan
We have studied the effects of TX100 on some heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, diatoms, euglens, plant seedlings, and bivalves.
In the bacteria Hyphomonas sp. MHS-3 and VP-6, TX100 produced mild inhibiting effects. The inhibition of the growth of the cultures of Hyphomonas VP-6 was ca. 21, 34, and 62 % (relative to the control of 100%) at concentrations of TX100 of 5, 10, and 50 mg/L, respectively (day 6).
The response of the marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus (strains 7805 and 8103, WHOI collection) to the presence of TX100 in the growth medium was positive (a stimulatory effect) at a TX100 concentration of 0.5 mg/L. At the higher concentration of 5 mg/L, the responses depended on the specific strain ofSynechococcus. The growth of the strain Synechococcus7805 was inhibited, but the growth of the strain Synechococcus 8103 was stimulated by 50.3-50.5 % (day 13).
The growth of the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana was inhibited at concentrations of TX100 0.1 mg/L and above. The specific growth rate was inhibited, and the time it takes for the culture to reach its maximum density increased (Fisher, Maertz-Wente, Ostroumov, 1996).
The elongation of plant seedlings was strongly inhibited by TX100 at appropriate concentrations. Thus, the elongation of the seedlings of Fagopyrum esculentum was inhibited by TX100 at concentrations of 0.06 microliters/mL and above. EC50 (21-26 hrs.) was estimated to be 0.36 microliters/mL. EC50 (21-26 hrs. from germination; 0-5 hrs. after starting the exposure to TX100) was estimated to be 0.36 microliters/mL. EC50 (26-43 hrs. from germination; 5-17 hrs. after starting the exposure to TX100) was estimated to be 0.14 microliters/mL.
Along with the inhibition of the elongation rate, we have discovered a new type of biological effect at lower concentrations of TX100: the impairment of the development of the root hairs (Ostroumov, Maximov, 1991). At these TX100 concentrations, which did not produce any significant inhibition of the root elongation, the total disappearance of the root hairs in several plant species (F. esculentum and Triticum aestivum) was discovered (Ostroumov, Maximov, 1991).
In our experiments with bivalves, TX100 decreased their filtration rate. Thus, the filtration rate of the freshwater bivalve, Unio tumidus (wet weight with shells 16.7-25.3 g ) was inhibited, and was 32.5% compared to the control group (100%). The removal of Synechocystis 6803 (courtesy of Dr. N. N. Kolotilova) from the water during the filtration process was measured in this experiment.
In the marive bivalves, Mytilus edulis, TX100 was also a potent inhibitor. The filtration rate during 30 min after starting the exposure to TX100, compared to the control, was 77.25% at a concentration of TX100 1 mg/L; 39.42% at 2 mg/L; 14.24% at 4 mg/L (at 16° C). The differences between experimental and control beakers were statistically significant (the significance level >99.9%). The efficiency of removing algal cells from the water column (measured as the difference between the cells concentrations in the experimental and control beakers) was even more pronounced than the effect on the filtration rate (Ostroumov et al., 1997 a ,b; 1998).
Comparing the sensitivities of organisms to TX100, the following sequence is produced (from the highest sensitivity to the lowest): the filtration efficiency of M. edulis; the filtration efficiency of Unio tumidus; the growth of Hyphomonas; the growth of plant seedlings. Our data and those from literature attest to the higher sensitivity of the filtration rate of bivalves than the growth of prokaryotes. This difference in sensitivities to the same xenobiotic (exemplified by TX100), especially the imbalance in the responses of filter-feeders (mussels) and their potential food objects (phyto- and bacterioplankton), has important ecological consequences.
For more details on the biological effects of TX100, see: Maximov, Nagel, Ostroumov, 1986 (F. esculentum); Ostroumov, 1991 b; 1998; 1999 d (Lepidium sativum); Ostroumov, Maertz-Wente, 1991a, b (Thalassiosira pseudonana); Waterbury, Ostroumov, 1994 (Synechococcus sp.); Fisher et al., 1996 (Thalassiosira pseudonana); Ostroumov et al., 1998; Ostroumov, Maximov, 1988 (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, Triticum aestivumL.); Weiner, Ostroumov, 1998; Ostroumov, Fedorov, 1999; Table A.2).
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information? |
T.S.Eliot (1888-1965) |
5.Biological effects of cationic surfactants
The biological effects of cationic surfactants were studied using some quarternary ammonium compounds (QAC). These chemicals are the most important group of cationic surfactants.
We have studied the effects of several alkylammonium xenobiotics on some bacteria (Weiner, Ostroumov, 1999), cyanobacteria (e.g., Ostroumov et al., 1999), plants (e.g., Ostroumov, Maximov, 1988; Ostroumov, Tretyakova, 1990; Ostroumov, 1999 d), annelids (e.g., Ostroumov, 1991 a ), rotifers (e.g., Kartasheva, Ostroumov, 1998); gastropods (e.g., Ostroumov, 2000 a ; Ostroumov, Kolesnikov, 2000; Ostroumov, Kolesnikov, in press), and bivalves (e.g., the effects tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide on Mytilus galloprovincialis - see in [Ostroumov, Toxicological Bulletin. 2000 b. No 3. P. 34-35]).
In experiments with marine heterotrophic bacteria Hyphomonas, the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (M.m. 308.3) produced inhibitory effects on the growth of cultures of Hyphomonas MHS-3. The inhibition was 18-31.3 % (hours 19-43) at a concentration of 5 mg/L and 96.3-99 % (over the same time period) at a higher concentration of 10 mg/L. Later (at hour 96), the degree of inhibition decreased to 12.5% at 5 mg/L and 51.9% at 10 mg/L.
The cationic surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMA), produced a pronounced inhibition in the elongation rate of plant seedlings. E.g., using the seedlings of F. esculentum, we have shown that the average length was 65.3 % relative to the control group (100%) at a concentration of TDTMA of 50 mg/L after an incubation period of 53 h, and 44.1% after a period of 69 h (Ostroumov, Tretyakova, 1990). The inhibitory effect of TDTMA was stronger than that of SDS.
Both lethal and sublethal effects of TDTMA were found using leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) as the test-organism (Ostroumov, 1991 a ).
We have found some ecologically important effects relevant to the feeding activity of molluscs. We have studied representatives of two major taxons, gastropods (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Lymnaea stagnalis) and bivalves (Anisomyaria, Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis; Eulamellibranchia, Unio tumidus, U. pictorum).
Observing the feeding patterns of L. stagnalis, we discovered a decrease in its feeding activity under the effect of TDTMA. Moreover, at the same concentrations of 2 mg/L, the production of pellets per 1 g of the wet weight of molluscs of this species decreased by 41.7% (over an incubation period of 72 h). When the food was leaves of Nuphar lutea, the content of C in the pellets was 69.74%; N, 2.3-2.9%; P, 0.4-0.5%; Si, 1.1-1.9%, Al 0.054-0.059% (the help of Dr. M.P.Kolesnikov is acknowledged). The filtering activity of bivalves (M. galloprovincialis) was also inhibited by TDTMA Ostroumov, 2000 b).
The inhibition of feeding activity of both gastropods and bivalves is important in terms of ecological and biogeochemical consequences. The pellets of animals of both taxons contribute to the mass transfer in the ecosystems and the system of processes leading to water purification in aquatic bodies.
E.g., using our data on the L. stagnalis biomass density in natural ecosystems, we have calculated that the total transfer of elements to the bottom sediments of the ecosystems may be as high as (mg per square m, per the 4-month’s period of time): C, 14931; N, 606; P, 107; Si, 370.
Analogous numbers for pellets generated by the community of freshwater bivalves (Unio tumidus, U. pictorum, Crassiana crassa, Anodonta cygnea) were: C, 55324; N, 2349; P, 336; Si, 981 (based on analytical measurements of Dr. M. P. Kolesnikov).
Therefore the inhibitory effects of xenobiotics (such as those demonstrated with TDTMA) on the feeeding activity and the mass transfer through ecosystems are of significance to biogeochemistry and self-purification of aquatic bodies.
More detail on the biological effects of cationic surfactants is available in: Ostroumov, 1991 (the effects of TDTMA on Hirudo medicinalis and F. esculentum); 1998; 1999; Ostroumov et al., 1999 a ,b,c (the effects of TDTMA on Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl., Synechocystis sp., Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb., Brachionus angularis Gosse); Ostroumov, Maximov, 1988 (the effects of ethonium on Chlorella vulgaris and Monochrysis lutheri); Ostroumov, Tretyakova, 1990 (the effects of TDTMA on Nostoc muscorum Ag., Bracteacoccus minor (Chodat) Petrova, soil cyanobacteria, soil green algae, soil diatoms, and F. esculentum); Kartasheva, Ostroumov, 1998 (the effects of TDTMA on Brachionus angularis Gosse); Ostroumov, Kolotilova, 1998 (the effects of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803); Weiner, Ostroumov, 1999 (the effects of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide on Hyphomonas sp. MHS-3); Ostroumov, 2000 a (the effects of TDTMA on Lymnaea stagnalis); see Table A.3.
Ignorance is not innocence but sin. |
Robert Browning (1812-1889) |
6.Biological effects of detergents and other industrially produced mixtures containing surfactants
Industry produces a wide range of products including surfactants as part of their content. Synthetic detergents are made up of up to 20% of surfactants. Some body care products contain up to 40% surfactants. Annual consumption of detergents and other wash products containing surfactants in the U.S.A. is over 25 kg , in Western Europe - over 15 kg per person (Ostroumov, Khoroshilov, 1992).
We have studied the effects on organisms of various industrial output that contain surfactants, including such products as Kristall (Ostroumov, 1991; Ostroumov, Wasternak, 1991; Ostroumov et al., 1998), Bio-S (Wasternak, Ostroumov, 1990), Tide, Losk, Lotos, Kashtan, Verbena, Vilva (Ostroumov, Khoroshilov, 1992), and some others. Our studies have shown that they produce some important inhibitory effects on a variety of organisms: inhibition of the growth of the euglens (Euglena gracilis Klebs), inhibition of the elongation of the plant seedlings (Oryza sativa L., F. esculentum Moench), and inhibition of the water filtration by the bivalve molluscs (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
The chemicals that inhibited the water filtration and clearance by M. galloprovincialis:
Chemicals | Concentrations, mg/L, and temperature |
Tide-Lemon | 33 (25.2 ºC) |
Losk-Universal | 7 (27.8 ºC) |
Lotos-Extra | 25 (21.6 ºC) |
5 (25.7 ºC) |
The summary of our studies on the effects of detergents and other chemicals that contain surfactants is given in Table A.4.
To compare the biological effects of surfactants and other chemicals, we have studied the biological effects of some pesticides, including DNOC (Maximov et al., 1988 a ) and Lontrel (Ostroumov, Pavlova, 1988; Kartsev et al., 1990).
I am I plus my surroundings and if I do not preserve the latter, I do not preserve myself. |
José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) |
7. General discussion and conclusions: inferences for the concepts of ecological hazards of man-made impact and self-purification as a microbiospheric process
Our data revealed some new facts on various biological effects of surfactants and detergents. The effects mainly included: (1) the inhibition of growth of cultures and organisms (later that kind of effects is labeled as ‘i’); (2) lethal effects and increases in mortality, labeled as ‘m’; (3) sublethal effects (‘s’); (4) behavioral responses (‘b’). In short, the total broad spectrum of the new data obtained by the author covered the following:
Groups of organisms | Types of biological effects |
Heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria | i, m |
Diatoms, green algae, and euglens | i, m |
Vascular plants | i, m |
Annelids | b, s, m |
Gastropods | b, s |
Bivalves | b, s |
Which of the organisms showed themselves to be more sensitive? Less sensitive? Among the most sensitive systems/tests were diatoms, some cyanobacteria, behavioral responses in annelids, and filtration (changes in filtration/clearance rates by bivalves). Among the relatively more resistant organisms were some vascular plants.
Virtually all the studied species are involved in the system of ecological and biochemical processes leading to water purification in ecosystems. Therefore the surfactant- and detergent-induced impairments of functions of those organisms contribute to the potential ecological hazards arizing from possible disturbances in the biomachinery of water purification (Ostroumov, 1998; 1999 a , b, c; 2000 a , b, c, d, e, f, g, h).
The broad and diverse spectrum of effects and responses induced by the xenobiotics under study has prompted us to develop a new concept of the analysis of environmental hazards from chemicals (contaminants, xenobiotics). This concept includes the analysis of the four levels of biotic impairments and disturbances (also relevant are the analyses offered by Yablokov, Ostroumov, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989 a ,b; 1990, 1991; and by Ostroumov, 1980, 1981, 1984 a ,b; 1986 a ,b,c,d; 1989; Ostroumov, Krassov, 1986; Telitchenko, Ostroumov, 1990):
1. Disturbances at the level of individual/populational responses; these include toxic (esp. lethal), genotoxic, developmental, and behavioral effects.
2. Disturbances at the aggregated responses level; entire groups of organisms are involved (e.g., primary or secondary production en bloc; chlorophyll and oxygen concentrations in water; total biomass of zoobenthos or phytobenthos; BOD; etc).
3. Disturbances at the level of the integrity and stability of ecosystems. These include plankton-benthic (pelagial-benthal) coupling; water filtration; water self-purification; information channels and information transductions in ecosystems; etc.
4. Disturbances at the level of the contributions of ecosystems into biospheric processes. These include changes in the biogeochemical fluxes of elements (e.g., C, N, P, S, Si), matter as a whole, and energy. Our new data on biological effects of surfactants and detergents provide vital examples of the impairments at each of the four types.
Before drawing final conclusions, it should be noted that the problem of setting optimal priorities is of key importance in environmental policy. We discussed the problem of environmental priorities in some publications (e.g., Yablokov, Ostroumov, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989 a ,b; 1990, 1991; Fedorov, Ostroumov, 1984; Ostroumov, 1980, 1981, 1984 a ,b; 1986 a ,b,c,d; 1989, 1990; Ostroumov, Krassov, 1986; Telitchenko, Ostroumov, 1990). The cost of solving environmental problems is so high that any change in priorities translates into the reallocation of billions of dollars. Thus, we can measure pollution abatement expenditures by using new capital business expenditures for pollution abatement by selected U.S. United States U.S. 1998 a , b) contribute to setting more optimal and adequate hierarchy of priorities.
Our results provide the basis for some generalizations and suggestions:
1. Traditionally it is the lethal effects and determination of LD50 and LC50 that are considered the solid basis and pillar for ecological/environmental hazards assessments. We recommend improving the system of priorities in the areas of environment hazard evaluations and decrease of man-made impact. We recommend ascribing higher priorities to the sublethal consequences of human impact including the sublethal effects of xenobiotics and contaminants - higher priorities than were ascribed before. Our system of criteria and priorities was given in (Ostroumov, 2000 c, Doklady Biological Sciences [English translation of Doklady Akademii Nauk]. Vol. 371: 204-206).
2. It is general knowledge and popular belief that the overwhelming and prevailing responsibility for water self-purification lies with bacteria. By changing and expanding the scope of relevant priorities, we advance the broader vision and concept of aquatic biota (the biota in toto, not only microbiota as has been tacitly emphasized before) as the driving force, the vitally important and pollution-susceptible core component of the biomachinery of water purification in ecosystems(Ostroumov, 1998; 2000 d). It is the non-bacterial component of the biomachinery that is relatively more vulnerable to aquatic pollution than the component represented by heterotrophic bacteria (Ostroumov, 1999 a , b [the presentation and abstracts at the ASLO Meeting, 1999]; Ostroumov, 2000 e [the presentation at the ASLO 2000 Meeting]; Ostroumov, Fedorov, 1999).
3. It is a firmly established practice to consider pesticides, some aromatic and halogenated organic chemicals, heavy metals, and some other chemicals as the top-priority pollutants which became the nobility in environmental science, with the tacit assumption that the other chemicals belong to the lower caste. We propose viewing surfactants and detergents from a new perspective that is developed by the combination of our new data and concepts. From our perspective, surfactants and detergents as a whole also comprise a formidable class of environmental pollutants that must be ascribed a higher priority than has been previously thought.
4. It is aquatic resources and aquatic bodies that are the prerequisites for sustainable development. We would like to stress the importance of the potential of ecosystems to purify water as an additional and essential prerequisite for the sustainable use of aquatic resources, and therefore a necessary precondition for sustainable development. Those aspects of biological effects of contaminants posing a threat to the self-purification potential of ecosystems are of greater importance than was earlier assumed. We predict that new examples of the effects of chemicals on organisms constituting threats to the self-purification potential will come to light in the future.
5. The new data on biological phenomena that result from interactions between surfactants and organisms exemplify a segment of development of an important discipline, bio-chemical ecology, which includes the study of chemico-biological interactions and their ecological and environmental roles (Ostroumov, 1984 a , 1986 a , 1998, 1999 e, 2000 d; Telitchenko, Ostroumov, 1991).
The line of our reasoning is based on our new experimental data and is in accord with a vision of the environment as the biosphere in which the living organisms are the most decisive and active factor for key processes. Many an ecological process comprises, in essence, a contribution to “biogenic [i.e. driven by organisms, or initiated and caused by organisms – the comment by S.O.] migration of atoms in the biosphere” (Vernadsky, 1965). As for the practical side of science, we consider our studies as a contribution to better understanding of the most important prerequisites for the sustainability of aquatic resources and the biosphere. “Sustainable development depends on a multitude of factors, including availability of freshwater as an important resource” (Ostroumov, 1999 f , “Water self-purification in ecosystems...”). These new data on the biological effects of surfactants, a concept of aquatic biota as the vulnerable biomachinery to purify water, the conception of four levels of man-made impairments and disturbances in living systems, and the suggestions concerning better priorities in assessing environmental hazards (see above) constitute our responses to the challenges of the new millenium. ”For also knowledge itself is power” (Francis Bacon 1561-1626; Meditationes Sacrae, 1597).
Table A.1. Some data on the effects of anionic surfactants on organisms
Organisms | References: Authors | Refs: Year | References: Details |
Various species of bacteria | Stavskaya et al. | 1988 | Book: Microbiological Purification of Water… |
Scenedesmus quadricauda | Goryunova, Ostroumov | 1986 | Biol. Sciences, 7:84 |
Scenedesmus quadricauda | Maximov, Nagel, Kovaleva, Ostroumov | 1988 | Water Resources, 1: 165 |
Scenedesmus quadricauda | Telitchenko, Ostroumov | 1990 | Book: Introduction to Problems of Biochemical Ecology |
Sinapis alba | Nagel, Ostroumov, Maximov | 1987 | Biol. Sciences, 12:81 |
Sinapis alba | Maximov, Nagel, Ostroumov | 1988 | Hydrobiol. Journal, 24(4): 54 |
Fagopyrum esculentum | Nagel, Ostroumov, Maximov | 1987 | Biol. Sciences, 12:81 |
Fagopyrum esculentum, Sinapis alba, Lepidium sativum | Ostroumov, Samoilenko | 1990 | Bulletin of 3:74 |
Oryza sativa | Ostroumov | 1990 | Bull. of Mosc. Univ. 2:27 |
Oryza sativa | Ostroumov | 1991 | Chemistry and Technology of Water 13 (3): 270 |
Oryza sativa | Ostroumov, Golovko | 1992 | Hydrob. J., 28(3): 72 |
Pistia stratiotes | Ostroumov | 1990 | Ecological and Technological Aspects of Detoxification, p.12 |
Mytilus edulis | Donkin, Ostroumov | 1997 | Toxicological Bulletin (Tox. Vestnik) 3:37 |
Mytilus edulis | Ostroumov, Donkin, Staff | 1997 | Bull. of Mosc. Univ., 3:30 |
M. galloprovincialis | Ostroumov | In press | New data |
Lymnaea stagnalis | Ostroumov | In press | New data |
Cyprinus carpio | Ostroumov, Kaplan, Kovaleva, Maximov | 1988 | Ecotoxicology and Nature Conservation, p. 133 |
Table A.2. Some data on the effects of non-ionic surfactants on organisms
Organisms | References: Authors | References: Year | References: Details |
Hyphomonas MHS-3 | Weiner, Ostroumov | 1998 | Tox. Bull., 4: 42 |
Hyphomonas VP-6 | Ostroumov | 2000 | DAN, 372: 279 |
Synechococcus | 1994 | Microbiology, 63: 259 | |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | Ostroumov, Maertz-Wente, | 1991 | |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | Ostroumov, Maertz-Wente, | 1991 | ASC, 201st Nat.Meet. 31(1): 18 |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | Fisher, Maertz-Wente, Ostroumov | 1996 | Biology Bull. (Izvestia) 1:91 |
Fagopyrum esculentum | Maximov, Nagel, Ostroumov | 1986 | Problems of Ecological Monitoring and Ecosystem Modeling, 9: 87 |
Lepidium sativum | Ostroumov, Samoilenko | 1999 | Tox. Bull., 4: 41 |
Triticum aestivum | Ostroumov, Maximov | 1988 | Ecotoxicology and Nature Conservation, p. 133 |
Camelina sativa | Ostroumov, Maximov | 1988 | Ecotoxicology and Nature Conservation, p. 133 |
Camelina sativa | Ostroumov | 1990 | Bull. of Mosc. Univ., 2:27 |
Mytilus edulis | Ostroumov | 1998 | Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum, 91:247; new data |
Mytilus edulis | Ostroumov, Donkin, Staff | 1998 | DAN, 262: 574; New data |
Unio tumidus | Ostroumov | 2000 | Food Industry Thresh. Third Millenium 2(5): 254; also, new data |
Unio sp. | Ostroumov | In press | New data |
Table A.3. Some data on the effects of cationic surfactants on organisms
Organisms | References: Authors | Refs: Year | References: Details |
Various species of bacteria | Stavskaya et al. | 1988 | Book: Microbiological Purification of Water… |
| Hyphomonas MHS-3 | Weiner, Ostroumov | 1999 | Tox.Bull. 4: 40 |
Nostoc muscorum, soil cyanobacteria, soil green and diatom algae | Ostroumov, Tretyakova | 1990 | Ecology, 2: 43 |
| Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | Ostroumov, Kolotilova | 1998 | Tox.Bull., 5:30 |
| Spirulina platensis | Ostroumov, Kraevsky, Lyamin | 1999 | Tox.Bull., 1:35 |
Monochrysis lutheri, Chlorella vulgaris | Ostroumov, Maximov | 1988 | Ecology, 6:57 |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | Fisher, Maertz-Wente, Ostroumov | 1996 | Biology Bull. (Izvestia) 1:91 |
Euglena gracilis | Ostroumov | 1991 | Chemistry and Techn. of Water, 13 (3): 270 |
Fagopyrum esculentum | Ostroumov, Tretyakova | 1990 | Ecology, 2: 43 |
F. esculentum | Ostroumov | 1991 | Water Res. 2:112 |
Cucumis sativus | Kartzev,Ostroumov, Pavlova | 1990 | Allelopathy and Plant Productivity, p. 124 |
Brachionus angularis | Kartasheva, Ostroumov | 1998 | Tox.Bull., 5:30 |
B. angularis; S. quadricauda, Synechocystis 6803, S. platensis | Ostroumov, Kolotilova, Piskunkova, Kartasheva, Lyamin, Kraevsky | 1999 | Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms, p.45 |
Brachionus plicatilis | Kartasheva, Ostroumov | 2000 | Food Industry Thresh. Third Millenium 2(5): 248 |
Hirudo medicinalis | Ostroumov | 1991 | Water Res. 2:112 |
Mytilus galloprovincialis | Ostroumov | 2000 | Tox. Bull., 3:34; also, new data |
Unio sp. | Ostroumov | 2000 | New data |
| Lymnaea stagnalis | Ostroumov | 2000 | Tox. Bull., 1: 42; also, new data |
Lymnaea stagnalis | Ostroumov | In press | New data |
Table A.4. Some data on the effects on organisms of some detergents and other chemical products that contain surfactants
Organisms | References: Authors | Refs: Year | References: Details |
Rhodospirillum rubrum | Ostroumov, Golovko, Khoroshilov | 1990 | Ecol. and Technol. Aspects of Detox., P.14 |
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | Ostroumov, Kolotilova | 2000 | Tox. Bull., 2:31; new data |
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | Kolotilova, Ostroumov | 2000 | Probl. of Ecology and Physiology of Microorganisms, p.66; also, new data |
Olisthodiscus luteus | Ostroumov, Golovko, Khoroshilov | 1990 | Ecol. and Technol. Aspects of Detox., P.14 |
Euglena gracilis | Wasternack, Ostroumov | 1990 | Hydrobiol. J., 26(6):78 |
Euglena gracilis | Ostroumov, Wasternack | 1991 | Bull. Mosc. Univ., 2:67 |
Euglena gracilis | Ostroumov, Halama, Blazej, Legotsky, Slugen | 1998 | Tox. Bull., 5: 29 |
Oryza sativa | Telitchenko, Ostroumov | 1990 | Book: Introduction to Problems of Biochem. Ecology |
Fagopyrum esculentum | Ostroumov | 1991 | Chem.Techn.Water, 13(3): 270 |
Fagopyrum esculentum, Oryza sativa | Ostroumov, Khoroshilov | 1992 | Biology Bull. (Izvestia), 3:452 |
Mytilus galloprovincialis | Ostroumov | 2000 | Food Industry Thresh. Third Millenium, 2(5): 248; new data |
Unio sp. | Ostroumov | 2000 also, in press | New data |
Lymnaea stagnalis | Ostroumov | In press | New data |
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Prof. V. D. Fedorov and many colleagues (Department of Hydrobiolgy, Faculty of Biology, Moscow University ; Russian Academy
This work was supported by the MacArthur Foundation (Research and Writing Initiative of the Program on Global Security and Sustainability), Research Support Scheme of the Open Society Support Foundation (Grant No. 1306/1999), EERO, and IBG. The scientific conferences and seminars organized by ASLO, Moscow University, Russian Academy of Sciences, SETAC, ECOTOX, WHOI, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, SUNY, Columbia University, University of Mary land, TNO, UFZ, Institute of Freshwater Ecology (Berlin) and some other national and international institutions were instrumental in better viewing important scientific problems. The author is grateful to Prof. N. Fisher, Prof. R. Weiner, Prof. J. Waterbury, Prof. J. Widdows, and Dr. P. Donkin for providing laboratory space and facilities for doing research; Prof. R. Wetzel, Prof. Rita Colwell, Prof. G. Likens and Academicians (Members of the Russian Academy
The author thanks Professor P. J. Wangersky, Dr. M. Caldwell, and Ms. E. Schuster for valuable comments and help in editing the text.
The publication was sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation.
Previous publication of the series ‘Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions’ (Vol. 1, 1999): Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms (Proceedings of the international conference, 19-20 April 1999, Moscow)
Bibliography
(some of the author’s publications, starting with the books, followed by the papers, in chronological order; to save space, only the selected author’s publications are included; the other part of bibliography and full references to the other publications are to be found in Ostroumov, 1991 b; Ostroumov et al., 1997 a ; Ostroumov, 1998, 2000 c,d; Ostroumov, Fedorov, 1999)
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A. Moscow
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A.
Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective (Ed. M. Soule, B. Wilcox) 1980, 395 pages. (Translated from English into Russian by S.A.Ostroumov). Russian edition: 1983, 430 pages.
Fedorov V.D., Ostroumov S.A. Moscow University
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Moscow University
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A. Berlin , Heidelberg , New York , London , Paris , Tokyo , Hong Kong, Barcelona , Budapest
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A. la Naturaleza Viva (in Spanish). 1989 a . Vneshtorgizdat Press. 238 p.
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A. Sofia
Telitchenko M.M., Ostroumov S.A. Moscow
Ostroumov S.A. Sofia
Jablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A.
Drachev L.A., Jasaitis A.A., Kaulen A.D., Kondrashin A.A., Liberman E.A., Nemecek I.B., Ostroumov S.A., Semenov A.Y., Skulachev V.P. Direct measurement of electric current generation by cytochrome oxidase, H-ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin. Nature. 1974 a , 249: 321-324.
Drachev L.A., Kaulen A.D., Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Isolation and properties of the bacteriorhodopsin generator of the transmembrane gradient of H+ electrochemical potential. Abstracts of the scientific presentations at the 3th Meeting of the All-Union Biochemical Society. Zinatne press, Riga
Skulachev V.P., Drachev L.A., Kaulen A.D., Nemecek I.B., Ostroumov S.A., Semenov A. Yu.. Voltmeter-measured electric generation by cytochrome oxidase, H+-ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin. Abstracts 9th Meet. Fed. Europ. Biochem.Soc., Budapest
Ostroumov S.A.
Drachev L.A., Kaulen A.D., Kondrashin A.A., Liberman E.A., Nemecek I.B., Ostroumov S.A., Semenov A.Y., Skulachev V.P., Jasaitis A.A. Generation of electric current by cytochromoxidase, H-ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin. DAN (Reports to the Academy of Sciences
Barsky E.L., Bonch-Osmolovskaya E.A., Ostroumov S.A., Samuilov V.D., Skulachev V. P. A study on the membrane potential and pH gradient in chromatophores and intact cells of photosynthetic bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1975 a , 387: 388-395.
Barsky E.L., Drachev L.A., Ostroumov S.A., Samuilov V.D., Skulachev V.P. Direct measurement of the generation of electric current by lipoprotein complexes. Bioorganic Chemistry. 1975 b, 1: 113-126.
Ostroumov S.A. 1975 a . Vol. 18, p.343-345.
Ostroumov S.A.
Drachev L.A., Frolov V.N., Kaulen A.D., Liberman E.A., Ostroumov S.A., Plakunova V.G., Semenov A.Y., Skulachev V.P. Reconstitution of biological molecular generators of electric current: bacteriorhodopsin. J. Biol. Chem. 1976, 251: 7059-7065.
Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Participation of chloroplasts and mitochondria in virus reproduction and the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. J. theor. Biol. 1977, 67: 287-297.
Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. 1979 a , 10: 209-234.
Ostroumov S.A. Origin of the eukaryotic cell and energy-transforming organells. Journal of General Biology. 1979. 40 (2): 202-208.
Ostroumov S., Samuilov V.D., Jasaitis A.A. Electrochemical gradient of H-ions across the membranes of bacteria. Usp. Sovrem. Biol. (Advances of Modern Biology), 1979 b, 87: 155-169.
Ostroumov S.A.World Conservation Strategy. Nature. (Priroda). 1980, 12: 40-41.
Ostroumov S.A. Nature conservation. Veterinary Encyclopaedic Dictionary. Moscow
Foreword. In: Man and the Biosphere. Man-made effects on the animal world. Moscow : The Central Library of Academy of Sciences
Ostroumov S.A. 1984 a , 4: 11-69.
Ostroumov S.A. Problems of conservation of ecosystems: a conceptual analysis. Man and Nature, 1984 b, 5: 3-15.
Nagel H., Ostroumov S.A. Bioassay of solutions of anionic surfactants. In: Problems of modern biology. Proceedings of the 17th conference of young scientists of Moscow University (Faculty of Biology), Moscow, 22-25 April, 1986 / Moscow University.- Moscow, 1986. - Part.3. Dep. in VINITI 15.09.86, № 6662-B, P. 146-150.
Maximov V.N., Nagel H., Ostroumov S.A. Studies of responses of seedlings of Fagopyrum esculentum to pollution of aquatic medium by detergents. In: Problems of Ecological Monitoring and Ecosystem Modeling. 1986, 9: 87-97.
Ostroumov S.A. Pollution of the biosphere. In: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Biology, 1986 b, p. 205-206.
Ostroumov S.A. Conservation of nature [and biodiversity]. In: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Biology. 1986 c, p. 437-438.
Goryunova S.V., Ostroumov S.A. Effects of an anionic detergent on green alga and some angiosperms. Biological Sciences. 1986, No.7: 84-86
Ostroumov S.A. Conservation of [biodiversity, ecosystems and] nature. In: Encyclopedia of Forest . 1986 d. Vol. 2. p. 183-185.
Ostroumov S.A. Moscow
Ostroumov S.A. Moscow 1986 f . p. 685.
Ostroumov S.A. Moscow 1986 g . p. 420-421.
Ostroumov S.A. Forest Encyclopedia. Vol. 2, Moscow
Ivanov I.G., Kartzev V.G., Kovaleva T.N., Ostroumov S.A., Pavlova I.A., Dulov L.E. Bioassay of several xenobiotics and diagnostics of their effects on hydrobionts and other organisms. In: Problems of modern biology. Proceedings of the 18th conference of young scientists of Moscow University (Faculty of Biology), Moscow
Nagel H., Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A., Novikov A.I., Pavlova I.A., Golovko A.E. Improving methods of assessment of ecological hazards of chemicals polluting the hydrosphere. Man in the biosphere. Proceedings of the conference 14-16 December 1988. Moscow
Maximov V.N., Nagel H., Ostroumov S.A. Biotesting waters containing a surfactant (sulfonol) and DNOC. Hydrobiological Journal, 1988 a . 24 (4): 54-55.
Yablokov A.V., Ostroumov S.A. Omul si Natura: de la probleme la solutii (Man and Nature. From problems towards solutions. In Romanian). In: B. Stugren (Ed.). Ocrotirea Naturii. Dacia Cluj-Napoca , Romania
Maximov V.N., Nagel H., Kovaleva T.N., Ostroumov S.A. Biotesting of water polluted by sulfonol. Water Resources. 1988 b. 1: 165-168.
Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Riga
Ostroumov S.A., Kaplan A.Y., Kovaleva T.N., Maximov V.N. Studies of aspects of ecotoxicology of an anionic surfactant sulfonol on plants and other organisms. In: Ecotoxicology and Nature Conservation. Riga
Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Chemical pollution of the environment and carcinogenesis. Problems of Environment and Natural Resources. 1989, 8: 12-20.
Kartsev V.G., Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Assessment of biological activity of xenobiotics. Bulletin of Moscow University 1990 a , No. 2: 27-34.
Ostroumov S.A. Bioassay of solutions of xenobiotics using pistia. Ecological and technological aspects of detoxification of industrial wastes of the industry of polymers. Proceedings of the conference 15-17 February 1990, Donetzk. Minkhimnefteprom USSR Cherkassy
Ostroumov S.A. Borisova E.V., Lenova L.I., Maximov V.N. Effects of sulfonol on Dunaliella asymmetrica and on Fagopyrum esculentum. Hydrobiological Journal. 1990 a . 26: 96-98.
Ostroumov S.A. Kharkov
Ostroumov S.A. USSR Cherkassy
Ostroumov S.A. Samoilenko L.S. Assessment of efficiency of biotechnological destruction of anionic surfactant. Bulletin of Moscow University
Ostroumov S.A. USSR Cherkassy
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Wasternack C., Ostroumov S.A. Effects of water pollution by the detergent Bio-S on euglens. Hydrobiological Journal. 1990. Vol. 26. No.6, p.78-79.
Ostroumov S.A. Responses of test-organisms to a quaternary ammonium compound. Water Resources. 1991 a . 2: 112-116.
Ostroumov S.A. Biological activity of waters polluted by surfactants. Chemistry and Technology of Water. 1991 b. Vol. 13, No. 3: 270-283.
Ostroumov S.A. Ecologically significant biologically-active substances and methodological aspects of the analysis of the biological activity of pollutants. Advances in Chemistry (Uspekhi Khimii). 1991 c. 60: (3) 554-555.
Ostroumov S.A. First International Ocean 1991 a . University of Puerto Rico
Ostroumov S.A. Atlanta , GA
Ostroumov S.A. USSR Academy
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Ostroumov S.A. Moscow University
Ostroumov S.A. Nontraditional nonanimal approaches to the ecotoxicology of xenobiotics. Abstracts of papers of the American Chemical Society. 1992. 203: 302-ENVR, Part 1. Apr. 5 1992.
Ostroumov S.A.
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Ostroumov S.A. Leeds , UK
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Ostroumov S.A. Ecotoxicology and the biological activity of surfactants. Third European Conference on Ecotoxicology (Zurich, August 28-31, 1994). Abstracts. 1994. Abstract No. 6.26, p.141.
Ostroumov S.A. Manchester
Fisher N., Maertz-Wente M., Ostroumov S.A. Effects of a non-ionic surfactant on marine diatoms. Biology Bulletin of Russian Acad. Sci. 1996. No. 1, p.91-95.
Donkin, Peter, and Ostroumov , S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Moscow University
Kartasheva N.V., Ostroumov S.A. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide [the biological effects on rotifers Brachionus angularis]. Toxicological Bulletin. 1998. No.5. p. 30-32.
Ostroumov S.A. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a holistic view. Rivista di Biologia/ Biology Forum. 1998. 91: 247-258.
Ostroumov S.A. Moscow 1998 a , P. 72.
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Ostroumov S.A., Halama D., Blazej A., Legotsky I., Slugen D. Synthetic detergents Kristall and Lotos-Automat [New data on the biological effects on Euglena gracilisKlebs]. Toxicological Bulletin. 1998 c. No. 5, p. 29-30.
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Weiner, Ronald, and Ostroumov , S.A.
Ostroumov S.A. Integrity-oriented approach to ecological biomachinery for self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: stopping an ecological time bomb. Limnology and Oceanography: Navigating into the Next Century. February 1-5, 1999, Santa Fe , New Mexico Waco , TX 1999 a . P. 134.
Ostroumov S.A. Santa Fe , New Mexico Waco , TX
Ostroumov S.A. Surfactants and marine pollution: another environmental hazard of the third millenium. 1999. PACON. (International Congress on Oceanography, June 23-25, 1999). 1999 c. P. 24.
Ostroumov S.A. Triton X-100 [new biological effects on Lepidium sativum]. 1999 d. Toxicol. Bulletin. №. 4. P. 41.
Ostroumov S.A. Biological effects of surfactants in the context of man-made interventions into the environment: a concept of a system for criteria of environental hazard. In: Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms. 1999 e. Dialogue-MGU Press. P.43.
Ostroumov S.A. Water self-purification in ecosystems and sustainable development. In: Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms. 1999 f . Dialogue-MGU Press. P.14.
Ostroumov S.A. Biological processes of water self-purification: importance and vulnerability. In: Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms. 1999 g . Dialogue-MGU Press. P.13.
Ostroumov S.A. Experimental rationale for a new discipline and area in ecology, bio-chemical ecology of bioremediation and self-purification of aquatic ecosystems. In: Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms. 1999 e. Dialogue-MGU Press. P.44.
Ostroumov S.A., Kolotilova N.N., Piskunkova N.F., Kartasheva N.V., Lyamin M.Y., Kraevsky V.M. Effects of a cationogenic surfactant on freshwater unicellular cyanobacteria, green algae, and rotifers. In: Aquatic Ecosystems and Organisms. 1999. Dialogue-MGU Press. P.45-46.
Ostroumov S.A.
Ostroumov S. A., Kraevsky V.M., Lyamin M.Y. Dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide [new biological effects on Spirulina platensis]. Toxicol. Bulletin. 1999. No. 1, P. 35-36.
Weiner R., Ostroumov S. A. Quarternary ammonium compound dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide [new biological effects of DDTMA on marine organisms Hyphomonas MHS-3]. 1999. Toxicol. Bulletin. No. 4, P. 40-41.
Kartasheva N.V., Ostroumov S.A. A study on the ability of a surfactant to inhibit the water filtering activity of rotifers. In: Food Industry on the Threshold of the Third Millenium. Vol. 2, Issue 5. Moscow
Kolotilova N.N., Ostroumov S.A. Growth of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under the effect of the composite product which contains a surfactant. In: Problems of Ecology and Physiology of Microorganisms. Moscow
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Ostroumov S.A Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide [effects on Mytilus galloprovincialis]. Toxicological Bulletin. 2000 b. No 3. P. 34-35.
Ostroumov S.A. Criteria of ecological hazards due to anthropogenic effects on the biota: searching for a system. DAN (Doklady Akademii Nauk). 2000 c, P. 844-846 in the Russian edition. (English translation of the journal: Doklady Biological Sciences, Vol. 371, P. 204-206)
Ostroumov S.A. Concept of aquatic biota as a labile and vulnerable component of the system for water self-purification. DAN Doklady Biological Sciences (Doklady Akademii Nauk). 2000 d. Vol. 372. No.2., P. 279-282 in the Russian edition.
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Ostroumov S.A. Aquatic ecosystem: a large-scale, diversified bioreactor with the function of water self-purification. DAN Doklady Biological Sciences (Doklady Akademii Nauk). 2000. Vol. 374. No.3, P.427-429 in the Russian edition.
Ostroumov S.A. Inhibitory analysis of the regulatory interactions in food webs. DAN. 2000, vol. 375. no. 6, pp. 847-849 in the Russian edition.
Alexeev A.P., Ananiev V.I., Artyukhin E.N., ...Dubinina V.G., ...Nemova N.N., ... Ostroumov S.A. et al. (26 coauthors in toto). Conservation, reproduction and sustainable use of biological resources of the hydrosphere. Moscow
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