?ta? 4 ?e?eµß???? t?? 1791 ?ta? ? WS B?urne, ??a? ?ea??? ???a?d?? pa???s?a?e st? ????? µ?a 4s???d? ef?µe??da p?? ?a ???afe ?st???a.
? Bourne ??????a e??at??e??e t??... ef?µe??da, ? ?p??a p??ase sta ????a t?? William Innell Clement t? 1814 ?a? ????e µ?a ap? t?? d?as?µ?te?e? ef?µe??de? t?? p?a??t?. ? ?d???t?s?a t?? ef?µe??da? pa??µe??e sta ????a t?? Clement µ???? t? ???at? t?? t? 1852.
?? 1870, ? ef?µe??da pe??? sta ????a t?? ep??e???µat?a Julius Beer, ? ?p???? ???se e?d?t? t?? Edward Dicey. ?? p??sp??e?e? t?? te?e?ta??? ?d???sa? se s?µa?t??? a???s? t?? ?????f???a? t??.
St?? a???? t?? 20?? a???a, ? Observer ß??s?eta? ?p? t?? ?d???t?s?a t?? µe??st??a t?? ??p??, Lord Northcliffe, p?? ????e? e?d?t? t? 1908 t?? J. L. Garvin. ? Garvin µetat??pe? s??t?µa t?? ef?µe??da se ???a?? p???t???? ep??????, a?eß????ta? t?? ?????f???a ap? 5.000 se 40.000 f???a µ?sa se ??a ?????. Ost?s?, ?? p???t???? d?af???? Garvin ?a? Northcliffe ?d???sa? t?? te?e?ta?? st?? p???s? t?? ef?µe??da? st?? William Waldorf Astor t? 1911, ? ?p???? µet?fe?e t?? ?d???t?s?a st?? ??? t?? Waldorf 4 ?????a µet?.
?? Astor ?ta? ?d?a?te?a ??a??p???µ???? ap? t? ?e?t?????a t?? ef?µe??da? ap? t?? Garvin, ?p? t?? ?p??? ? ?????f???a e??e a????e? p???? ta 200.000 f???a. ?e???? ? Garvin ap????e? ap? t?? ??d?s? t?? ef?µe??da? t? 1942 ?a? ? ef?µe??da d????e? ??a p??t? f??? a?e???t?t?.
? ?d???t?s?a t?? pe??? st??? ????? t?? Waldorf t? 1948, µe t?? David Astor ?a a?a?aµß??e? e?d?t??. ?a??µe??e st? ??s? a?t? ep? 27 ?????a, st? d????e?a t?? ?p???? e???st??a? ??a t?? ef?µe??da, µeta?? ?????, ?? George Orwell, Paul Jennings ?a? C. A. Lejeune.
?p? t?? ?????? t?? 1993, ? ef?µe??da a???e? st?? ?µ??? Guardian Media Group, p?? e?d?de? ep?s?? t?? ?a??µe???? ef?µe??da Guardian. ?? 2009, ? ?µ???? a?a?????se p?? s??pe?e? ?a ß??e? ?????t? st?? ?st????? ef?µe??da ???? s?µa?t???? ??????µ???? ap??e??? t? d??st?µa 2008-2009.
?e????, ? ap?fas? a?a??????e ?a? ?ts? ? Observer ???eta? p???? 220 et??.
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