?aµ?a a??a?? sta ???a ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? de? ep???eta? ??a t??? asfa??sµ????? p??? ap? t?? 1? ?a???a???? 1983. ??? ?at?????µat??? a?t? d?e??????s? ?d?se ??e? ? ?p?????? ???as?a? ?. ?. ??ß??d?? se ep?s?µ? ?e?µe?? p?? d?a?eµ????e st??? ß???e?t?? t?? ?aS?? ?? ?p???? s?µµet????? st?? a?µ?d?? ?????ß???e?t??? ??µ?a ??????? ??a ta asfa??st??? ?a? e??as?a?? ??µata.St?...
?e?µe?? t?? e??tapa?t?se?? d?e???????eta? ?t? « ?? asfa??sµ???? se ?sa ap? ta asfa??st??? taµe?a p??ß??p??? t? s??ta???d?t?s? µe 35 ?????a asf???s?? a?e?a?t?t?? ????? ?????a? d?at????? a?t? t? d??a??µa ?a? µet? t?? a??a??? t?? ???? ??µ?s?ed??? ».
??e??????st??? a?af??eta? ?t? a?t? ?s??e? ??a:
- ?a ?aµe?a t?? ??µ?s???, t?? t?ape???, t?? ???? ?a? t?? e??a??µ???? sta µ?sa µa????? ep????????a?.
G?a t?? ?p????pe? ?at?????e? a?????????ta? ta ???a ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? p?? p??ß??p??ta? ?a? ??a t??? asfa??sµ????? µet? t?? 1? ?a???a???? 1983.
? µ??? a??a?? p?? ep???eta? af??? t?? s??te?est? a?ap????s?? t?? s??ta???, d??ad? t? p?s?st? µe t? ?p??? ?a ?p??????eta? ? s??ta?? µet? t? 2013. St?? pe??pt?s? a?t? ? s??te?est?? ??a ???e ?t?? asf???s??, µet? t? 2013, ?a µe???e? st? 2% ??a t?? ??e? t?? pe??pt?se?? p?? ?ta? ?????te???.
S??????? ? ?. ??ß??d?? apa?t? se 23 ???s?µe? e??t?se?? p?? ??t??? ?? asfa??sµ???? t?s? ??a t? ??? asfa??st??? ?a?est?? ?s? ?a? ??a t?? a??a??? st?? e??as?a??? s??se?? (ap???µ??se??, ?????? p??e?d?p???s??, aµ??ß?? t?? ?e?e?se???µ???? st?? a???? e??as?a? ?.?p.).
St? asfa??st??? ??µ?s??d?? p?? ?at??ese ? ?. ??ß??d?? st? ????? t?? pe?asµ??? ?a?as?e?? e?s?µat????a? ?a? ?? d?at??e?? t?? ?p????e??? ??????µ???? p?? af????? t? ??? asfa??st??? ?a?est?? t?? d?µ?s??? ?pa??????, µe t? ?p??? ?at? ??s?a ?a??e???eta? e??a?? asfa??st??? s?st?µa se ??? t?? ??????µ?a- ?d??t??? ?a? d?µ?s?? t?µ?a.
?? ??µ?s??d?? µe ??e? t?? ???µ?se?? ??a t??? d?µ?s???? ?pa??????? d?µ?s?e?e? s?µe?a «?? ??µa».
?? e??t?se?? (t?? ß???e?t?? t?? ?aS??) ?a? ?? apa?t?se?? (t?? ??d??a ??ß??d??)
1
?? ???µ?se?? t?? ??µ?? ??a t? ?sfa??st??? ?a e??a? µ???µe?; ?? pe????p?? t?? sta?e???;
?as???? ?a???a? e??a? ?a s????at??e? ? dap??? ??a t?? s??t??e??, ?ste ?a µ?? a??????? p??? ap? t? 2,5% t?? ??? p???? t?? dap???? t?? 2009, ??? t? 2060. ????? t?? pa??µßas? µa?, ap? 13,5% p?? e??a? s?µe?a (µa?? µe t?? ep?????????), ?a a??a??ta? st? 26% ??? t? 2060, d??ad? ?a a??a??ta? ?at? 12,5% t?? ???. ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? ? e????? ??????µ?a ?a t??a??ta? st?? a??a. ?e? ?a ?p???a? ???µata ??te ??a t?? pa?de?a, ??te ??a t?? ??e?a, ??te ??a ?aµ?a ???? d?µ?s?a p???t???. ??? ? ???a ?a e??a??ta? ??a ?a p?????e? s??t??e??. ? a??a?? t?? ?sfa??st???? ?p?? e??e s?ed?aste? p??? ap? t? ???µ???? pe??????e? t?? a???s? t?? e?????? s??ta???d?t???? dap???? st? 3% t?? ???, ??? t? 2060 (µa?? µe t?? ep?????????). ???ad? µ???? 0,5% p??? ap? t?? ?????t??? µ?s? ???. St? s?µp??asµa a?t? ?ata???e? ? a?a????st??? µe??t? t?? ?p??a e?p???se ? ?????? ??a????st??? ???? ?a? t?? ?p??a p?st?p???se ? ??e???? ??????s? ???as?a? (? e?????te??? p?st?p???t???? ???a??sµ?? st?? p?a??t? ??a t?? s??t??e??). ???a e?p??e?ta? ??a a?a????st??? µe??t? µe ß?s? ta ded?µ??a t?? ???µ????? ??a t? ?sfa??st??? (p.?. s??ta?? ?ste?a ap? 40 ?????a asf???s?? ?a? t? 60? ?t?? t?? ?????a?). ???a? fa?e?? p?? µe ta a???µ?t??? ded?µ??a t?? ???µ????? ? a???s? t?? e?????? s??ta???d?t???? dapa??? ?a p?se? ??t? ap? t?? ?????t??? µ?s? ???, ??? t? 2060. G?? a?t? st? ????? 11 2 t?? ??µ?? ?esp?st??e µ?a ??t?a, ?ste ap? t?? 1/1/2011 ?a? a?? d?? ?????a ?a e?p?????ta? ??e? a?a????st???? µe??te?, p???e?µ???? ?a ?a?????eta? a?????a t? ???? t?? pa?????. ???a? d??a??????µ??? ? a?s??d???a p?? ?a ?ataste? d??at? ? ße?t??s? t?? pa????? p??? t??? s??ta????????.
2
G?a ?a ???e? s???e???µ??? t? p??????µe?? e??t?µa, e??a? µ???µ? ? pe????p? t?? 13?? ?a? t?? 14?? s??ta???;
? pe????p? t?? 13?? ?a? 14?? s??ta??? p??ß??f???e µe t? ???µ???? ?a? pe??e??f?? st?? pa???ta ??µ?. ?e t??p?????a p?? ?a e?sa??e? t?? ???t?, ?a ?a????ste? t? ep?d?µa t?? 800 e??? p?? p??ß??pe? ? ??µ?? 3845/2010 (?at? efa?µ???? t?? ???µ?????), t? ?p??? ?a? ?a a?ap??sa?µ??eta? a?????a µe t?? a??a??µe?e? d??at?t?te? t?? e?????????sµ???? ???? asfa??st???? s?st?µat?? µa?.
3
G?at? ?p?epe ?a ???e? t?s? e??e?a ?a? ?????? a??a?? t?? ?sfa??st????;
???t? t? pa??? s?st?µa e???t??se ta ???? t?? ?a? ap? t? 2009 de? e??e d??at?t?ta ?a e?asfa???e? t?? s??t??e?? t?? ??? s??ta???????, a??? ?a? ?s?? asfa??sµ???? ?a ?ß?a??a? st? s??ta?? ta ep?µe?a ?????a. ?? ??? ?a? ? ???? «??µe??a?» t?? Sept?µß??? ?a? t?? ??t?ß??? t?? 2009. ????? t?? pa?eµß?se?? t?? ??ß????s?? ? ???? ?a e??e «?eµe??e?» ap? t?? ?????? t?? 2010 (!) ?a? de? ?a e??e ?a p????se? s??t??e??. ?e d??f??a «µe?eµ?t?a» µetaf?????e a?t?? ? ???d???? st?? ?????st?. ?e?p?e?, ?µ??, ????. ?? 2009 t? ???t?? ?d?se 2,5 d?s. ??ta?t? ep???????s? ??a ?a d????? s??t??e??. ?? 2010 ?a ??e?a??µasta? 3,8 d?s. e??? ??ta?t?? ??at???? ???µat?d?t?s??, e?? t? 2011 ?a apa?t???ta? a??µ? 5 d?s. e???. ??a?µat??? µa??? t??pa. ?? a?t?e? a?t?? t?? pa?a?µ?? t?? ?s????t?? s?st?µat?? (t? ?e??µe?? s?st?µa ???-?S-??U G?) e??a? a) ? a???s? t?? p??sd???µ?? ?a? ? ???a?s? t?? p????sµ?? (? s??s? e??a??µ????/asfa??sµ???? ap? 4 p??? 1 ??e? ???e? 1,7 p??? 1!!!), ß) ?? pe?ate?a??? p???t???? ap?f?se?? (p.?. ??ta?? st? ??? ?aµe??? t?? ????, µe p??? µe???e? s??t??e??, d???? ?µ?? t??? s?et????? p????? ??a t?? ep?µe?e? de?aet?e?) ?a? ?) ? e?sf???d?af???, ? e?sf??????p? ?a? ? spat??? st? fa?µa?e?t??? dap??? ?a? st? dap??? ??a ?at????? e?et?se?? ?a? ??a ?at???? ????? (ß?µat?d?te? ?.?p.). G?? a?t?, ???p??, a????e? t? s?st?µa. ? ßas??? s??ta?? ?a ?ataß???eta? ap? t? ???t?? ?a? ? a?a?????? s??ta?? ?a ßas??eta? se pe??ss?te?? ????? e??as?a? ?a? ?a s?et??eta? µe t? p?se? e?sf???? ?ataß???e? ? asfa??sµ????. ??a ? ?d??? ? asfa??sµ???? ?a ???e? f??a?a? t?? e?s?µ?? t?? ?a? ?ts? ?a pe?????ste? ?a? ? e?sf???d?af???. ?? ?p??es?e? ??e?a? stad?a?? ?a pe??s??? st? ?p????e?? ??e?a?. ?? a??µ?, ???eta? p????? d?????s? t?? s??ta??? ap? t?? p?????a??? pa?????, ??t?? ?ste ?a a???se? ep?t????? ?a d?µe?ta? ??a p?a?µat??? ???t?? p?????a? st?? ????da ?a? ?a µ?? as?e?ta? s??ta???d?t??? p???t??? µ?s? t?? p?????a??? p???t????. ?a?t???????, d??eta? ep?t???? ? µ??? ??a t?? fa?µa?e?t???? ?a? ???p?? ?at????? dap??e?, e?? apa???e???ta? ?? ??at???? pa?eµß?se?? se ?,t? af??? t? s??ta???d?t??? s?st?µa.
4
?p???e? pe??pt?s? ?a ??????? a?t?s??ta?µat???? ??p??e? ???µ?se?? t?? s?ed??? ??µ??;
??t? t? e??t?µa e??a? a????t? ??a ????? t??? ??µ???. Ost?s? ??a ???sµ??e? p??ß???e?? t?? ???µ????? (?p?? p.?. ? s?ed?? a?a??a?a p??sa?µ??? t?? ?????a??? ????? se ???sµ??e? pe??pt?se??) t? e?de??µe?? µ?a? a???t???? d??ast???? ap?fas?? e??a? µe?a??te??. ??? µ??? ap? t?? e??????? ???a??s???, a??? ap? t? ????pa??? ???ast???? t?? ???a??µ?t?? t?? ?????p??. ? d??ast???? ??e????, ?st?s?, de? e??a? ape??? ??a t?? e??????? ??ß????s?. ? p??sf??? sta d??ast???a e??a? ?s??s? d??a??µat?? ?? e??a? ap???t?? seßast? st? p?a?s?? t?? ???t??? d??a???. ? d??ast???? ??e???? ???sµ???? s?µe??? t?? ???µ?????, t?s? ap? ta e??????? ?s? ?a? ap? ta e???pa??? d??ast???a, e??a? e?p??sde?t?? ?a? ?a ß????se? t?? ????da ?a? t??? p???te? t??.
5
??s? e??a? t? p?s?st? a?ap????s?? µe ß?s? t? s??d??
??µ??;
?? p?s?st? a?ap????s?? µa?? µe t? ßas??? s??ta?? f???e? st? 64%. ? µe??s? s?et???? µe t? ?s???? ?a?est?? e??a? µes?sta?µ???? 7%, ?p?? a???ß?? e??e p??ß?ef?e? ?a? st? p??s??d?? ??µ??, t? ?p??? e??????e t? ?.S. p??? ap? pe??p?? ??a µ??a. ??s???se?? ??a 480 e??? (ßas??? + a?a?????? + ep????????) de? e??f??sa? ?p???. S?µe?a, ???p??, ? a?ap????s? ?a e??a? 64% t?? s??t???µ?? ap?d????, e?? ? ep???????? s??ta?? p??st??eta? st? p?s?st? a?t?.
6
???e??????? a??? ?a? aµ?s?? µet? t?? e?????? ? ??ß????s? ??e?e d?af??et??? p???µata. ?e? a??????ta? ta ???a ?????a?, de? µe?????ta? ?? s??t??e??, de? a??????ta? ?? e?sf????. ??? ????? ta p???µata ?? p??? ta t??a «de?» st? s??d?? ??µ??;
? pa?at???s? de? af??? µ??? t? s????? t?? ?sfa??st????. S??????? ? ??????µ??? ?a? ????????? p???t??? t?? ??ß????s?? ??e? a????e? ???? t?? d?µ?s????µ???? ???s?? p?? ??spase µet? t?? ?atast??f??? d?a?e???s? t?? p??????µe??? d?a??ß????s??. ?? d???µµa st? ?p??? ??????e ? ??ß????s? t?? ??S?? ?a apa?t?se? e??a? «??e???p?a ? ep?ß??s?». Se a?t? t? p?a?s?? a?a????eta? ?a p??e? ?a? ap?f?se?? e?t?? p????aµµat???? d?a?????e?? ?a? e?t?? ?de???????? a????. G??eta? s?µe?a a?t? p?? apa?te?ta?, ?ste ?a ?p???e? ? d??at?t?ta a???? ?a ??s??? ?? p???te? t?? ???a? ?a??te?e? ?µ??e?. S???e???µ??a, ??a ta ?e??µe?a t??a «???». ????µat? de? a??????ta? se ?aµ?a pe??pt?s? ?? e?sf????. ?p?s??, de? a??????ta? ta ?e???? ???a ?????a?. ?? 65? pa?aµ??e? t? ?e???? ???? ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s??. ?????eta?, ß?ßa?a, ? µ?s?? ???? ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? ?at? d?? ?t? (ap? 61,5 ?a p?e? st? 63,5). ?a s?µe???e? p?? e?e? pe??p?? ?ta? t? 2003, a??? ?? pe?ate?a??? e?e???s?e? ???d?? t?? pe???d?? 2004-2009 µe??sa? ?at? 2 ?t? t?? µ?s? ??? ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? st?? ????da. ?? a??µ?, ?p?????? d?? a???se?? ????? ?????a? ???? ???µ????? (?a??a ?a? ??????e??? ?a? µ?t??e? a??????? pa?d??? µet? t? 55? ?t??). ?????, ?? p??? t? «de?» st? µe??s? t?? s??t??e??, ?p???e? ? µes?sta?µ??? µe??s? ?at? 7%- d??? µa? ep?????, d???? t?? pa??µßas? t?? ???µ?????- p?? af??? t?? s??t???µe? ap?d???? ??? t?? 1.800
e???, ? ?p??a ?µ?? p????pte? ap? t?? ap???t?? d??a?? a?a?????? s??s? afe??? t?? s??ta??? ?a? afet???? t?? ?????? e??as?a? ?a? t?? e?sf???? p?? ?ataß?????a?. 7
?????? ???e ?t? µe a?t? t? ?sfa??st??? ?ata???e? ? ?????????? ?a?a?t??a? t?? d?µ?s?a? asf???s?? ?a? a????e? ? d??µ?? t?? ?d??t???? asf???s??.
Se ?aµ?a pe??pt?s?. ?a?? t?? e?s?µat?se?? t?? s?????? µ?t??? p?? pe?????f??ta? st? ???µ????, ??e? ???e? ?,t? e??a? apa?a?t?t? ??a ?a d?asfa??ste? ? d?µ?s??? ?a? ?a??????? ?a?a?t??a? t?? asfa??st???? s?st?µat?? ?a? ??a t?? ep?ßeßa??s? t?? ?a?a?t??a t?? ?? ?????????? a?a???. G?? a?t? t?? s??p? de? ????e de?t? ?a? epete???? ? ap?s??s? t?? apa?t?s?? ??a p?s?st? a?ap????s?? ??? 48%, ??t? p?? p?a?µat??? ?a e??eµe????e t?? d?µ?s?? ?a? ?a?????? ?a?a?t??a t?? ?????????? asf???s??, ?a??st??ta? t?? ??a? a?epa??? ?a? s?µp????µat??? p????a e??? ?d??t???? s?st?µat??.
8
?? ???t?? pa?e? ?a e????ta? t?? s??t??e?? ?a? pe??????eta? µ??? st?
ßas??? s??ta??;
? eµpe???a t?? te?e?ta??? et?? ?de??e ?t? t? ???t?? e????ta? t?? s??t??e?? ?a? t?? ???e? pa????? ?ta? e??a? ??a ???t?? p?? de? ß??s?eta? se ?at?stas? ??e???p?a?. ??t? ?????µe ?a ep?t????µe: ?a µ?? ?a?aß?e?e? ? ???a st? µ????? st?? ?at?stas? p?? ß??s?eta? s?µe?a. ?? s??t??e?? e??a? e????µ??e? ?ta? ?p?????? ?a???e? ?a? ??µ?? p?? efa?µ????ta?. ?µe??, µe t? ??? ?esµ??? p?a?s?? ??t??µe t?? ß?se?? ??a ??a asfa??st??? s?st?µa p?? e?asfa???e? t?? ?ataß??? t?? s??t??e?? µe ap???ta safe?? ?a? p??sd????sµ??e? t?? ?p???e?se?? t?? ???t???, t?? ep??e???se?? ?a? t?? e??a??µ????. ??asfa?????ta? ???p?? ?? s??t??e?? µe s??e?? pa?a???????s? t?? e??????? t?? ??????µ???? µe?e??? t?? ?aµe??? ?a? µe t?? e?asf???s? t?? a?a??a??? ???? st? p?a?s?? t?? t??µe???? ???µat?d?t?s?? t?? s?st?µat??. ?? sta?e??? ?a???e? ?a? ? efa?µ??? t??? ap?te???? t?? ??s?ast??? e????s? ??a t?? s??t??e?? ?a? t? ß??s?µ?t?ta t?? asfa??st???? s?st?µat??, a?t? t?? af???µ???? ??µ???? d?sµe?s?? p?? de? ??e? a?t????sµa ?ta? ?e?p??? ?? pa?ap??? p???p???se??.
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?? ep????????? s??t??e?? pa???? ?a ????? t?? e????s? t?? ???t???;
???e? ?a e??a? ?? ep?pt?se??;
? ep???????? asf???s? ?e?t????e? ?a? a?t? µ?sa ap? ???sµ????? ?a???e?. ?? s?µe????? ?e???? de? µp????? ?a af?s??? ????? ep???????? s??ta?? t?? ep?µe?e?. ???a? a?t????t? ?t? ta ep???????? taµe?a ?a p??pe? ?a d????? s??t??e?? a?????e? t?? ??????µ???? t??? d??at?t?t??, ????? ?a ste??s??? a?t? t? d??a??µa ap? t??? s??ta???????? t?? ep?µe??? ?e?e??. ?? p???? t?? ?aµe??? p???????ta? ap? t? s??e?sf??? e??a??µ???? ?a? ep??e???se?? ?a?, ?p?? ??? t??a s???ßa??e, t? ??µ?s?? ?a? ? ??at???? p???p?????sµ?? de? µp????? ?a s?µµet????? st? ???µat?d?t?s? t?? e??e?µµ?t?? a?t?? t?? ?aµe???. ??t?? ßeßa??? t?? pe??pt?se?? p?? t? ?d?? t? ??µ?s?? pa?eµßa??e? µe p???t???? ?????????? ?a?a?t??a, t? ??st?? t?? ?p???? p??pe? ?a? ?a a?a?aµß??e?.
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?? s?µa??e? ? d?a????sµ?? t?? p?????a??? pa????? ap? t?? asfa??st???? ?a? p??e? s???pe?e? ??e?;
? d?a????sµ?? t?? p?????a??? ap? t?? asfa??st???? pa????? d?e???????e? ?a? ?a??st? desµe?t???? t?? ?p???e?se?? t?? ???t??? ??a?t? t?? p???t??, st? ped?? t?? ?????????? p???t????. ?a?t?????a apa???sse? t?? ????????? asf???s? ap? t?? ?p?????s? t?? ?a ?p??a??st? t? a?a?µ??? ???t?? p?????a? st? ???a µa?, e?? ß???? t?? p???? t?? e??a??µ????:
a. ? ßas??? s??ta?? s?µp?????e?, ?e?a?a???e? ?a? ?a??st? desµe?t??? t?? ?p?????s? t?? ??at???? p???p?????sµ?? ?a s??e?sf??e? st? s?st?µa ?????????? asf???s??, e??s????ta? t?? ?esµ? t?? t??µe???? ???µat?d?t?s??: ? ßas??? s??ta?? ap?te?e? ?e???a?? asfa??st??? d??a??µa t?? e??a??µ????.
ß. ? ßas??? s??ta?? ap??t? p?????a?? ?a?a?t??a µ??? ?ta? ape????eta? st??? a?asf???st??? p?? s?µp???????? t? 65? ?t?? t?? ?????a? t??? ?a? e?e? e?t?sseta? st? sfa??a t?? ???t??? p?????a?, s??te???ta? st?? e?d???µ?s? t?? at??f???? a?t?? t?µ?a ??at???? p???t????. ???? se a?t? ?a p??pe? ?a ????d?µ??e? aµ?s?? ??a epa???? p?????a?? s?st?µa p?? ?a ?e?t????e? ?? d??t? ?????????? asf??e?a? ??a ????? t??? s?µp???te? µa? p?? t? ????? a?????, e??p????ta? ????? t??? ?ata?e?µat?sµ????? µ??a??sµ??? p?????a? µe µe??st?p???s? t?? ?????????? ap?te??sµat??.
11
???eta? ?t? µe t? s??d?? ??µ?? a????ta? ad???e?. ??s? d??a?? e??a? ?µ?? ?a e?a?????ta? d????????, ??at???, ??st????, d?µ?s?????f??; ?e t??? ß???e?t?? t? ???eta?;
?a ?aµe?a t?? d????????, t?? ??at???, t?? µ??a?????, t?? d?µ?s?????f?? (p?? e??a?d??, ???? ?a? ????-???), de? e?a?????ta? ep? t?? ??s?a?. ??p??? d?at????? t? d?????t??? t??? a?t?t??e?a, ??a te??????? ??????, ?ataß?????ta? a?t? t? ßas??? s??ta?? ?a? ??? t? ???t??, e?t?ss??ta? ?µ?? p????? st??? e??a???? ?a???e? ?e?t?????a? ?a? s??ta???d?t???? pa????? p?? d??p??? s??????? t? s?st?µa. ?a s?µe???e? ed? ?t? sta ?aµe?a a?t? ?p??eta? µ??? t? 7,5% t?? asfa??sµ????. ?a s?µe???e? a??µ? ?t? ?? d?µ?s??? ?p??????? ?a? ?? ??st????, p?? ?a p??s?aµß????ta? ap?1.1.2011, ?a ?p????ta? st? e????? taµe?? µ?s??t??(???-????) ?a? ? s??ta?? t??? ?a ?p??????eta? µe t?? ?d?? t??p? p?? ?p??????eta? ?a? st?? ?d??t??? t?µ?a.
?? ß???e?t?? ?a? ???? ?? a??et?? e?t?ss??ta? st? ?a?est?? d?ad?????? asf???s?? ?a? µp????? ?a s??e??s??? t?? asf???s? sta ?aµe?a t???, ?ataß?????ta? ?? ?d??? t?? asfa??st???? t??? e?sf????, e?? ap? 1.1.2013 e?t?ss??ta? st? ???a?? S?st?µa pe?????sµ?? t?? et?s??? s??te?est? a?ap????s?? t?? 2%, ?p?? ???? ?? asfa??sµ???? se ???e ?aµe??.
12
?? ???eta? µe t? ?a?est?? t?? pa???????? asf???s??; ?????e?; ??at??e?ta?; ?ata??e?ta?;
?? e??a??µe??? p?? p??t?asfa??st??a? µet? t?? 1.1.1993 d?at????? t? d??a??µa ?a asfa?????ta? ?p???e?t??? se ??a ?aµe??, a??µ? ?a? ?ta? as???? pa??????a d?? ? pe??ss?te?a epa????µata. ?ata?????ta? ?? e?a???se?? p?? ?p???a? ??a asfa??sµ????? p??? ap? t? 1993 (d?µ?s???? ?pa???????, ??at????, d?????????, µ??a??????) p?? asfa?????ta? ?? s?µe?a se ??a ?aµe??, e?? e??a? pa??????a ?a? ???e? epa??e?µat???? d?ast????t?te?, ??a t?? ?p??e? ?a ?p?epe ?a asfa??st??? sta a?t?st???a ?aµe?a. G?a t??? e??a??µe???? a?t??? pa???eta? ß?ßa?a t? d??a??µa ?a ?aµß????? ?a? de?te?? s??ta??, ef?s?? ?eµe??????? s??ta???d?t??? d??a??µa µe t?? p???p???se?? p?? p??ß??pe? t? ???e ?aµe??.
13
???ate ?? a?t?p???te?s? p??t?stat?se? ??a t?? ?at????s? t?? ??F??. ???a epa?af??ete a?t? t? ???µ?s? µe t? µ??f? t?? ??d???? ??sf???? ?????e?????. ?e? e??a? a?t?fat??? a?t? ? st?s?;
?? ??S?? ??e? t?? ?p?????s? ?a ?ata?e?µe? ta ß??? a??µesa st?? s?µe????? ?a? st?? ep?µe?e? ?e???? s??ta???????. ? ??d??? ??sf??? ?????e????? de? af??? ?aµ???s??ta???????? ??t? t?? 1.400 e???. ??t? de? p??pe? ?a t? ?e???µe, d??t? ? ??F?? af????se a??µ? ?a? t?? s??t??e?? t?? 500 e??? ?a? 600 e???! ???a? a?a??a?? ?a s??e?sf????? ?a? ?? s?µe????? s??ta???????, a?????a µe t? ???? t?? s??ta??? t???, p???e?µ???? ?a e??s?????? ta ??????µ??? t?? ?aµe??? ?a? ?a d?asfa??st??? ?? ep?µe?e? ?e?e??, ?e?????ta? ap? t?? ?????st?. ?p? a?t? t?? ??d??? ??sf??? de? e?a??e?ta? ?a???a?, ?p?? s???ßa??e st? pa?e???? (??te ?? ß???e?t??, d??ast??, s??ta??????? µe ????? e?s?d?µata).
14
???????ta? ta ???a ?????a? p?? p??tt??? se µe???? ßa?µ? t?? ???a??e?. ??s? d??a?? e??a? ?a? s?µßat? µe t?? p??e???????? desµe?se?? t?? ?aS??, ?ta? a??????ta? ta ???a s??ta???d?t?s?? ?? ?a? 15 ?????a;
??e? ?? desµe?se?? ??a t?? ap?t?µ? ?a? ?d??? a???s? ????? ?????a? p????pt??? e????? ap? t? ???µ????, a??? ?a? ap? t?? ap?fas? t?? ???ast????? t?? ????pa???? ?????t?t??. ?p??e??????e ?a? e?asfa??st??e st? µ?t?? t?? d??at?? µ?a e???te?? µetaßat??? pe???d??, ?ste ?a µ?? ?p?????? µe???e? a??a??? ??a ?s??? ß??s???ta? ???t? st? s??ta???d?t?s?. ??asfa?????ta? p????? ta d??a??µata ?s?? ????? ?eµe???se? ? ?a ?eµe???s??? s??ta???d?t??? d??a??µata ?? t? t???? t?? 2010. ???ß??peta? ???µ???s? t?? ????? ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? ap? 1.1.2011 ?a? µet?, µe ß?s? t?? ????? s?µp????s?? t?? apa?t??µe??? ??a s??ta???d?t?s? ?????? asf???s??. ??t? s?µa??e? st?? p????, µe e?a??es? t?? pe??pt?s? t?? µ?t????, ?t? ? ep?ß????s? sta ???a ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? a??? ?a? sta apa?t??µe?a ?t? asf???s?? ?a e??a? ???µa???µe?? ?at? 2 t? p??? ?t? a?? ?t??, ta ep?µe?a 3-7 ?????a. G?a pa??de??µa, ? e??a??µe??? sta ??? p?? µp????se ?a s??ta???d?t??e? µe 35 ?t? asf???s?? st? 55? ?t?? ?????a? t?? ?a ??e? p??sa???s? t?? ????? ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s?? ?at? 9 µ??e? a?? ?t??, ??a ?a f??se? ap? t? 55? ?t?? st? 60? t? 2017. ? ???a??a asfa??sµ??? t?? ???, p?? µp????se ?a p??e? µe??µ??? s??ta?? st? 55? ?t?? t?? ?????a? t??, ?a ??e? a???s? ????? ?????a? ?at? ??a ?t?? a?? ?t??, ap? t?? 1.1.2011, ??a ?a f??se? t? 2015 st? 60? ?t??. ?? µ?t??e? a???????, ?? ?p??e? ?f?sta?ta? t? µe?a??te?? a???s? st? ???? ?????a? s??ta???d?t?s??, ??a ?se? s?µp???????? t?? apa?t??µe?? ????? asf???s?? t? 2011, t? ???? ?????a? a????eta? ap? t? 50? st? 52? ?t??, a?t?st???a ??a ?se? s?µp???????? t?? ????? asf???s?? a?t? t? 2012 t? ???? d?aµ??f??eta? st? 55? ?t?? ?????a? ?a? µet? t?? 1.1.2013 st? 65? ?t?? t?? ?????a?. G?a µe??µ??? s??ta??, ta ???a ?????a? d?aµ??f????ta? a?t?st???a st? 50?, 53? ?a? 60? ?t?? t?? ?????a?.
15
???e? a??a??? ?????ta? st??? asfa??sµ???? p??? ap? t? 1983;
Se ?sa ?aµe?a p??ß??peta? s??ta???d?t?s? µe 35 ?????a asf???s?? a?e?a?t?t?? ????? ?????a? t? d??a??µa a?t? d?at??e?ta? af?? ????? ?d? ?eµe???se? s??ta???d?t??? d??a??µa (??µ?s??, t??pe?e?, ????, e??a??µe??? sta ???). G?a ??e? t?? ?p????pe? ?at?????e? a?????????ta? ta ???a p?? p??ß??p??ta? ?a? ??a t???, µet? t?? 1.1.1983, asfa??sµ?????. ?p???e? ß?ßa?a ?a? ed? ? pe?????sµ?? t?? s??te?est? a?ap????s?? t?? s??ta??? ??a ???e ?t?? asf???s?? st? 2% ap? 1.1.2013.
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??? ?a ???eta? ? ?p?????sµ?? t?? s??t???µ?? ap?d????, d??ad? µe ß?s? p?sa ?a? p??a ?????a t?? e??as?a??? ß???;
?p? 1.1.2011 ?a a???se? ?a ?p??????eta?, stad?a??, ?at? ?t??, µe ß?s? t??? s??te?est?? t?? ???? s?st?µat?? ???? ? ?????? t?? e???s?µ?? ß??? µe t?? a??????? t??p?: ??a ??a? e??a??µe?? p?? s??ta???d?te?ta? p.?. t? 2016 ?? s??t???µe? ap?d???? ?a ?p?????st??? µe t? ??? s?st?µa ap? t? 2001 ?? t? 2015 ?a? µe ß?s? t? pa?a?? s?st?µa, µe ???t???? ta 5 ?a??te?a ?????a t?? te?e?ta?a? de?aet?a?, a???? ?µ?? ?e??µ???? ??a t?? ?p?????sµ? ap? t? 2015 ?a? p?s?.
17
?p? p?te ?a ?s??se? ? s??d?asµ?? 40 ?????a asf???s?? ?a? 60 ?t?
???? ?????a?;
?p? 1.1.2011 ?a? stad?a?? ?? t? 2015. St?? pe??pt?s? p?? ? asfa??sµ???? s?µp?????e? a?t?? t?? d?? p???p???se?? pa???e? p???? s??ta??. ?? p???e?µ??? ß?ßa?a p??ß??p??µe t? d??at?t?ta a?a?????s?? t?? p?asµat???? ?????? e??as?a? e? t?? ?p???? ta ??t??e? e??a? ????? e?a????: p?asµat???? ?????? µ?t???? (ßa???e? t? ?aµe??), ???s? ?a? ???e?a, ep?d?t??µe?? a?e???a ?a? as???e?a. ??a??et??? ?aµ??? e??a? t? p?s? e?a????? se ?,t? af??? t?? ????? sp??d?? (1.800 e??? t?? ?????).
18
?? p??ß??pe? t? s??d?? ??µ?? ??a t? d?ad????? asf???s?;
?p??a??stata? p????? ? d?ad????? asf???s?, µe t?? p???? ??s? t?? ad?????. ??tap???????ta? ?ts? ?? ???µ?se?? st?? ????t???t?ta st?? a???? e??as?a?, ? ?p??a e?? e??a? µ?a p?a?µat???t?ta, de? p??pe? ?a pa???e? ad???e? ?at? t?? ????? s??ta???d?t?s??. ?a s?µe???e? ?t? s?µe?a ? s??ta??????? d?ad?????? asf???s?? ???e? pe??p?? t? 30% t?? s??ta??? t??, se s??s? µe a?t?? p?? d???e?e ta ?d?a ?????a, ?pa??µe??? se ??a? f???a asf???s??.
19
G?at? ? ?G? ap?te?e? µ?a a?t?te??
pe??pt?s?;
? ?G? ?at?st? F???a? ?????????? ?sf???s?? t? 1998. ? s??ta?? ?????eta? ?a? s?µe?a se d?? µ???: t? ßas??? ?a? t?? a?tap?d?t???. ?e?????ta? ap? t? 1998 ? ßas??? s??ta?? d?aµ??f????e se s?µe????? t?µ?? sta 360 e???. G?a ???e ????? asf???s?? ap? t?? 1.1.1998 ?a? µet?, ? asfa??sµ???? t?? ?G? ?ataß???e? p?s? pe??p?? 450-1.100 e??? et?s???, a?????a t?? ?at?????a, e?? ??a ???e asfa??sµ??? ? ??at???? p???p?????sµ?? p?????e? t? d?p??s??, d??ad? ap? 900 e??? ?? 2.200 e??? t?? ?????. ? a???µ??? s?µµet??? t?? ???t??? st? ???µat?d?t?s? t?? ?G? s??d???eta? µe µe??s? ??a ???e ?t??, ap? t?? 1.1.2003, t?? ßas???? s??ta??? ?at? 4% et?s???, ?ts? ?ste t? 2027 ?a µ?? ?p???e? ßas??? s??ta?? ??a a?t??? p?? ?a s??ta???d?t????? ap? t? ?t?? a?t? ?a? efe???. ??t? s?µßa??e? ??at?, ?? t? 2027, ??a t?? asfa??sµ??? p?? ?e????se t? 1998, t? ??µ?s?? ?a ??e? p????se? d?p??s?e? e?sf???? ap? t?? ?d??, p???e?µ???? ?a e?asfa??s?e? µ?a a???p?ep?? s??ta??». 20
?e????, ap? t?? ??a p?? ?ata??sate t? p??s??d?? t?? ??µ?? ?? s?µe?a, t? ?et??? ????e ??a t??? asfa??sµ?????/s??ta????????;
?e t? s??e????s? µe t?? ????pa??? ?p?t??p? e?asfa??st??e ? ßas??? s??ta??, ?p?? t?? p??ß??pe? t? s??d?? ??µ?? ?a? ??? ?? s??ta?? ???at??, ?a ?????e?ta? d??ad? st? 65? ?t?? ?a? µe e?s?d?µat??? ???t???a. ???ß??f???a? ta ?e??µe?a «µa??????a»: ? a?a?????s? p?asµat???? ?????? asf???s?? ?a? ap?fe?????e ?a e??a?, ?pe?ta ap? 40 ?????a e??as?a?, t? p?s?st? a?ap????s?? 48% ??a t? s????? t?? s??t??e??, ?a ??p??? ?? s??t??e?? ???e?a?, ?a ??p??? ?? ?ataßa???µe?e? s??t??e?? ??aµ?? ???at???? ?a? ?a ?ata????e? ? ?at?tat? s??ta??. ?s?? ?at?????sa? t? ?aS?? ??a ?e?d? d?asp??? d?sµe??? e?d?se?? ?a? ?p????s?a, ???e ? ??a ?a ?????? t?? a?t????t??? t???, ????ta? ?p??? t??? ?t? ??a ?,t? a?af?????e d?µ?s??? ?p?????? ?a? ta a?t?st???a ????afa st? ?p????e?? ???as?a? ?a? ?????????? ?sf???s??.
21
???e? e??a? ?? ???µ?se?? ??a t?? ap???se?? ?a? t?? ap???µ??s?;
Saf?? ?a? s???e???µ???? ???? t?? µ??µ????? e??a? ? a???s? t?? ????? t?? ?µad???? ap???se??, a?? µ??a, ?a? ? µe??s? t?? ????? t?? ?ataßa???µe??? ap???µ??s??. ?f?? ?? e???d?te? µe t??? e??a??µe???? de? ?at?st? d??at??, pa?? t?? epa?e???µµ??e? p??s???se?? t?? ?p?????? ???as?a?, ?a ß???? µ???? t??? µ?a ??s?, p??ß??peta? s?µe?a:
a) ? a???s? t?? ????? t?? ?µad???? ap???se??, a?? µ??a, ap? d?? ?t?µa p?? e??a? s?µe?a se 6, ??a ep??e???se?? p?? apas?????? 20-150 e??a??µe????, ?a??? ep?s?? ?a? ? a???s? ap? 2% ?? 5% ?a? p??t?? ??? pe??ss?te?a ap? 30 ?t?µa µ???a??? ??a ep??e???se?? p?? apas?????? ap? 150 ?a? ???. Se ??e? a?t?? t?? ?µad???? ap???se?? de? ep?t??peta? ?a ap?te???? ?? e??a??µe??? ?????a? ??? t?? 55 et?? p?s?st? ??? t?? 10% t?? ap????µe??? e??a??µ????. ?pa?a?aµß??eta? ed? t? ?e????? ?t? ? a???s? a?t?? t?? ????? af??? t?? ep??e???se?? p?? apas?????? p??? ap? 20 ?t?µa. ??se? e??a? a?t??; S?µf??a µe st???e?a t?? S???, t? 1,5% t?? ep??e???se??. ??s??? e??a??µe???? apas??????; ?e??p?? 200.000, d??ad? t? 5% t?? e??a??µ????. ???? ?? ????? e??a??µe??? apas??????ta? se ep??e???se?? µe ??t? ap? 20 ?t?µa p??s?p???, ??a t?? ?p??e? de? ?p???e? ?aµ?a a??a?? sta s?µe???? ?s????ta.
ß) Se ?,t? af??? t?? ?p?????s? ?a µe???e? t? ???? t?? ap???µ??s??, ????e ? e??? ep?????: ?a µ? µe???e? t? ???? t?? ap???µ??s?? ?ste ?a µ? ???e? t? s?µf???µ??? ??a ?????de? e??a??µe???? ef?pa?, p?? ?p??????eta? µe ß?s? t? ???? t?? ap???µ??s??, a??? ?a µe???e? ? ?????? t?? p??e?d?p???s??, ? ?p???? ?ta? ?pe?ß?????? ?a? ?ts? efa?µ???ta? µ??? st? 3% t?? ap????µ????, s?µf??a µe st???e?a t?? S???. ? ?????? p??e?d?p???s?? ap? 1-24 µ??e? t??p?p??e?ta? se ????? p??e?d?p???s?? ap? 1-6 µ??e?. ?a s?µe???e? ?t? ?a? ? ???? a?t?? ?????? ap? 1?? 6 µ??e? e??a? ap? t??? ?????te???? st?? ??.
?) ?? ???µ???? a?af??e? ?? ?p?????s? t?? ????da? ?a µe???e? t? ???? t?? ap???µ??s?? ?a? ??a t??? e??at?te???te?. ?a?? ??a a?t? µe t?? ???µ?se?? t?? s?ed??? ??µ?? ep??e? ?e?ta? ?a ap?fe???e? ? µe??s? t?? ap???µ??s?? ??a t?? ?at?????a t?? e??at?te???t??.
d) ?? ???µ???? ?a?????e? t? p???µa t?? µ?s??? ??a t??a (3) ?????a. ??te ?? p??? a?t? ????e pa??µßas?, af????ta? t? ??? ??µa st? s?µf???a t?? ?????????? eta????.
22
?? a????e? st? d?a?t?s?a µe t? s??d?? ??µ??;
??e???t?ta ap? t?? d?at?p?se?? t?? µ??µ?????, ? e?µ??e?a p?? t?? p??sd?deta? e??a? ? ap?f??? ?a e?a?a????e? ? µ?a p?e??? t?? ???? ?a s??eta? st? d?a?t?s?a. ??s??eta? ???µ?s? ??a ??a? a?t??e?µe???? p??sd????sµ? ?e????st?? ?ata????? µes??aß?t?? ?a? d?a?t?t??, ?p?? GS??, S??, GS???? ?a? ?S?? ?a ????? d??a??µa ß?t?. ???spa???µe ?ts?, ?? p??? t? ??µa t?? d?a?t?s?a? ?a ep?te???e? s?µf???a, a??µ? ?a? t??a, t?? ?????????? eta????, a????ta? t?? aµf?sß?t?se?? ??a t? µ???p?e??? st?s? t??. ??? µ?a t?t??a s?µf???a ?p???e?, ?a s?µpe????f?e? e?te st? pa??? s??d?? ??µ??, e?te st? aµ?s?? ep?µe??, p?? ?a af??? t?? a?as?stas? t?? S??? ?a? t? ?p??? ?a ?atate?e? t?? ??????. ?a s?µe???e? p?? ? ?L?, µe ß?s? t?? ap?fas? t?? 2003 t?? ?p?t??p?? S??d??a??st???? ??e??e??a?, ??e? ???e? pa?at???s? st?? ????da ??a t?? ???µ?se?? pe?? a?a??ast???? d?a?t?s?a?.
23
???a µ?t?a ?????????? p??stas?a? pe???aµß??e? t? s??d?? ??µ?? ??a t??? ?e?e?se???µe???? st?? a???? e??as?a? ?a? t??? ap????µe???? ??? t?? 55 et??;
G?a t??? ap????µe???? ??? t?? 55 et?? p??ß??peta? ? d??at?t?ta a?tasf???s?? ??? t? s??ta???d?t?s? t???, µe ?p???e?t??? s?µµet??? t?? e???d?t?? ap? 50%-80% ?a? µe t? ?p????p? ?a ?ataß???eta? ap? t?? ????. G?a t??? ?e?e?se???µe???? st?? a???? e??as?a? ??t? t?? 25 et??, p??ß??p??µe µe??s? t?? ßas???? µ?s???, ?p?? ??t? ?a? ?at?????µat??? a?af??e? t? µ??µ????, a??? µe t?? pa??µßas? t?? ???? p?? p??ß??peta?, ? µe??s? a?t? de? ?a ft??e? st?? ts?p? t?? ???? e??a??µ????, af?? ? ???? ?a a?a?aµß??e? t? d?af???. ?d? ?at????????e ? ??ß????s? µe d?? a?a???ße?e?: ? p??t? af??? t? ?e??µe?? a?a?????s?. ???ad? t?? ap???s? e??? e??a??µ???? p?? pa???e? p???e?? ap?d???? ?a? t?? a?t??at?stas? t?? ap? ??a? p?? ?a pa???e? µe??µ??e? ap?d????. ? a?a?????s? ?µ?? apa???e?eta? se ??a ta p?????µµata t?? ???? µe ??e? t?? ?? t?? ?p?????? ???as?a?, µe t?? ?p??e? apa???e?eta? ?a p??s??f?e? ep?d?t??µe??? e??a??µe???, e?? ??e? p??????e? ?at? t? p??????µe?? e??µ??? ap???s? e??a??µ????. ??t? ???p?? p?? ???eta? ep? ?????a, ?a epa?a??f?e? ?a? t??a µe t?? ?? p?? ?a e?e?d??e?e? t?? ??µ?. ?a? a??µ? ape????eta? ? ?at?????a ?t? ?ta? ??e? t? s??d?? ??µ?? p?? ? ???? d??ata? ?a ???µat?d?t?se?, ?p???e? ???f?? s??p?? ?a µ?? a?tap?????e? ? ???? se a?t? t? d??s?. ?atat????e ?µ?? st? ??a??? ?p?t??p? ?????????? ?p???se?? t?? ?????? ????af? t?? Ge????? G?aµµate?a? ??a?e???s?? ?????t???? ?a? ????? ?????, ap? t? ?p??? p????pte? ?t? ap? t? ??? de? µp??e? ?a ?p???e? s?µµet??? µe ?????t????? p?????, ?ta? p???e?ta? ??a pa??t???? p???t???? apas????s??, d??ad? ?ta? de? p???e?ta? ??a ep?????µa p?????µµata. ????st??e ep?s?? ??a a??µ? µ?a f??? t? ep??e???µa: «??? ? ???? ?a ???e? a?t? ta p?????µµata, af?? de? ??e? ?eft?;». ?d? ap? t?? ???t?? d?deta? ? ap??t?s? ??a ??a ta p?????µµata p?? t??e?ta? se efa?µ???, p?? ?? ep???????se?? ?????ta? ap? ?????t????? p?????, ?a??? ?a? ap? t? ????st??? d?a??af? ?fe???? t?? ??? p??? t?? ????.
BHMA.
