????? a?at??p? st?? µ???? t??a s?ed?asµ? asfa?e?a? p???t???? p??s?p??, d?µ?s??? ?t????? ?a? ??t???? ?p?d?µ?? ep?f????? ta ?e????ta t?? pe?asµ???? ??µpt??, p?? ep?ßeßa??sa? µe t?a???? t??p? t?? p???t??? a?aß??µ?s? t?? t??µ???at?a? st? ???a µa?, µe t?? ?????t?s? p???? t?? ta?t???? t?? t?f??? d???f?????? ?t?p?µ?t??.?e?????? µ??e? µet? t?...
...s?????? t?? ?. ?a???t? ?a? t?? ?µ?da? t??, t?? a?a?????? t?? ???sf??et?? µe ?p?a t?? ??????s?? ?a? pa?? t?? p??sd???e? p?? e??a? ?a???e????e? pe?? e??????s??, ?? d???t???? ????? p??s?e?????ta? a??µa?a st? s????? p?a?µat???t?ta.
??a t?f?? ?t?p?µata
? ep????? t?? ta?t???? p?? ??a de?aet?e? ???s?µ?p????sa? t??µ???at???? ???a??se?? ?p?? ? ??? ?a? ? ??? p???a?e? s?ßa?? p??ß??µat?sµ? ?a? a??s???a, ?a??? ??? µ??? ?a??st? p?? e????t??? t??? «st?????» p?? ep??????? ?? t??µ????te?, a??? µe t? d??at?t?ta p?? t??? p??sf??e? ?a «?t?p?s???» ap? ap?stas? ??????? ?a? f?s??? (?a??? ? ta??d??µ?s? e??? pa??de?µ???? fa????? ???eta? ?µ??e? p??? ?a? ap? ???? a??µ? p???) ?a? t?? a?s??s? t?? «s????????» t?? µ? e?t?p?sµ??, t??? ???e? a??µ? p?? ep????d????? ?a? p?? ???????d?????.
? ap?st??? pa??de?µ???? fa????? se ??a ??afe?? p?? s?????? µ?sa se ???a tet?a?????? s???p?????? a??et?? ?????p?? (?a? ??? a?a??a?a ? ep??e?µ???? st????), ap?te?e? µ?a ap? t?? a??a?e? µ??f?? t?f??? ep??es?? ?a? de???e? ?t? ?? ?????? a?t?? t?? ep??es?? de? d?st????? ?a spe????? t?? pa???? ?a? t?? ???at? se a????? p???te?.
? ad?af???a ??a t?? ?pa??? pa??p?e???? ap??e??? ?a??st? t?? t??µ???at?a a?t? p??? p?? ep????d???, ?a??? e?µeta??e?eta? p????? t?? «t??pe?» p?? ?p?????? a??µ? ?a? se p??? ?s???? s?st?µata asfa?e?a?, e?? e??a? saf?? ?t? de? ?p???e? p???e?? st?? ??sµ? s?st?µa e?µ?t??? ??e?st? ?a? ap???t?? asfa???.
A?at??p?
? «e???µat???t?ta» t?? t??µ???at?? se te?????? ep??es?? ?a? ? p????? ad?af???a ??a t?? p?????s? pa??p?e???? ap??e??? p???a?e? p??ß??µat?sµ? st?? a???? asfa?e?a?, p?? a?ap??sa?µ????? ?p???e?t??? p???? t?? s?ed?asµ? t??? ?ste ?a pe?????s?e? t? e?de??µe?? ?a????? p???µat?? ap? t?? a?e???e??t? a?t?? t??µ???at?a.
Se p??t? f?s? d??µ????e?ta? ? a?aß??µ?s? t?? p??d?a??af?? asfa?e?a? ??a d?µ?s?a ?t???a ?a? ??t???? ?p?d?µ?? st?? ?p??e? pe???aµß????ta? ?a? ? ?????, t? ???a?? ?a??µ??, ta ??µ???a, ta ae??d??µ?a ?a? ???e? ?p?d?µ?? ?????? ?f??e?a?.
?a?t?????a ap?st???eta? ?d? «ep??e???s?a?? e????????» ap? t? ?p????e?? ???stas?a? t?? ????t? p??? ????? t??? ?esµ???, t??? ß???e?t??, p???t????? ?a? ?????? pa?????te? t?? d?µ?s?a? ???? µe ?d???e? ??a a???µ??a µ?t?a asfa?e?a? ?a? s??ep? t???s? t?? ?d????? a?t??.
??? a????? ??a epa?e??tas? ?a? t?? µ?t??? asfa?e?a? ??a t?? ??e??? t?? e?se???µe??? p??s?p?? ?a? a?t??e?µ???? se ?p????e?a ?a? d?µ?s?a ?t???a, ep?s?µa????? ??ße???t???? p????, d?e?????????ta? ?µ?? ?t? de? µp??e? ? ???a ?a µetat?ape? ?a? se «st?at?ped?», ??? µ??? ???? t?? s???????te??? d?µ???at???? a?t?????? ?a? eµp?st?s???? st?? «a????t? d?a??ß????s?», a??? ?a? ??at? te????? t?t??a «?????» pa?? t??? s??e?e?? ?a? asf??t????? e???????, de? µp????? ?a e??a? p????? ap?te?esµat??? ?a? asfa??.
??t?a
?p?st??f??? ta ???a??sµ??a a?t?????ta
???ß??µat?sµ?? st?? ??ß????s? ep???ate? ?a? ??a t? ??µa t?? a?t?????t?? p?? ???s?µ?p????? ??a t?? µeta????se?? t??? ?p?????? a??? ?a? ? ?d??? ? p????p?????? G. ?apa?d????, t?? ?p??? ???? e?daµe st?? t??e?pt???? ????e? ?a f???e? t?? ??µpt? st?? ?d? ?ate???? µe ??a ?ß??d??? 1600??? t? ?p??? µp??e? ?a e??a? f????? p??? t? pe??ß????? ?a? ?a e??a? d?a???t??? st? µ??e??? a??? ?aµ?a asf??e?a de? p??sf??e?.
?? «?d???e? asf??e?a?» af????? ?µ?? ?a? t?? ????se?? t?? ?d??? t?? p???t???? p?? p??? s????, st? d????e?a ?????? pe???de???, ?ata????? ap? µ???? t??? ???e µ?t?? asf??e?a?.
St??? ß???e?t?? ?ftase s?stas? ?a a????s??? ta ?a?teß?? t??? µe ??f?f?????, ??at? ?a?e?? de? ???e? p???? ?a e??a? a?t?? p?? ?a ß?e?e? ap??a?t? t??? st? ??afe?? t???. ?s?? ?p??et??? d?p?a se ?p??????? ?a? ß???e?t?? e??µe?????a? ap? t?? ?p??es?a ?t? s??t?µa ?a ??????? ??a ?a ???e? ??e???? t?? ??a??t?t?? t???. G?at? e??a? ????? µ?st??? p?? p????? p???t???? ep??????? t??? ast???µ????? t??? µe ???t???a pe?ate?a??? s??se?? ?a? ??? asfa?e?a?.
? ß?µßa
?? s?µpt?se?? µe t? ???µa t?? ???st?? ?a?aß??a
?? ???µa ?a? t? d?e????s? t?? ???st?? ?a?aß??a st?? ?????, t?? p???? ??????µ???? d?e????t? t?? Siemens, p?? d?afe??e? st? e??te???? ?a? ?ata??te?ta?, e??e st? ??s? t?? ap?st???a t? d?µa µe p?????sµ? t?? ?p????? ???stas?a? t?? ????t? ?????? ???s????d?.
?? d?µa st?????e ap? ta ???? ??????? st?? 18 ???????, a????? st? p???t??? ??afe?? t?? ?p?????? ?a? ?at?p?? t??ef?????? s??e????s?? st? ??afe?? t?? ?pasp?st? t??.
? µe???? s?µpt?s? p?? p??ß??µat??e? t??? ??d?e? t?? ??t?t??µ???at???? p?? e?e????? t?? ?p??es? e??a? ?t?, ???e? ?µ??e? p???, ?? ????? e??a? ???e? ?f?d? st? sp?t? t?? ?. ?a?aß??a st?? ????? st? p?a?s?? t?? e?e???? ??a ta µa??a taµe?a t?? Siemens.
?? e??t?µa p?? apas???e? e??a? a? ?? ap?st??e?? t?? pa??de?µ???? d?µat?? ?ta? se ??s? ?a ????????? t? µ?st??? a?t? ep??e???s? ? a? ep???e?t? ??a µ?a ap?? s?µpt?s? ? ?p??a, ß?ßa?a, ap?de?????e µ???a?a.
?? ?s??e? t? p??t? t?te fa??eta? p?? ? ??????s? p?? e????eta? ??a t? t?f?? ?t?p?µa ??e? ?ataf??e? ?a a?apt??e? s?µa?t??? d??t?? pa?a???????s?? ?a? e??µ???s?? ??a t? d??s? ?a? t?? ????se?? t?? ???S, a??? ?a? t?? p???t???? ??es?a? t?? ?p????e??? ???stas?a? t?? ????t?.
?T??S