??a a???p?st? d??? st??? ???µp?a???? ????e?, p?? a??????? se ??t? µ??e? st? ?e????, p??sf??e? ?ste?a ap? 2.100 ?????a ? ???a??sµ?? t?? ??t????????. ?????e? ?a? ????? e?e???t?? a?a?????a? p?? ? a??a??? a?t?? ast????µ???? ?a? ?µe??????a??? ?p?????st??, p?? de? ap???e?eta? ?a ap?te???se ?a? ??a GPS p?????s?? t?? ?a?aß???, ?de???e t?? ????s? t?? ????? ?a? t?? Se?????, t?? p?????s? t?? e??e??e?? ?a? ??a a?t? se s??s? µe d?? ?µe??????a: t? ?et????? (se????a??) ?a? t? e?????a???pt?a?? (???a??), a??? ?a? µe t??? stefa??te? pa?e???????? a???e?. ????a? p??? µe???? t??? ??p???? ?t? ?p???e? e?d??? ?a?t??? µe ?a?a?µ????? ep??? t?? µe?????? ????e?: ??µea, ?s?µ?a, ???µp?a (???µp?a???), ????a, d?? µ????te???? (??a? ap? a?t??? ta ???a, t?? ??d????) ?a? ??p????? ????st??? s?µe?a.St?? p???p???? a?t? ???a??sµ? ep?p???? d??ßasa? ta ???µata 12 s??e??µe??? µ???? t?? ?et?????? ?µe???????? ?a? d?ap?st?sa? p?? ?? µ??e? a?t?? ?ta? t?p???? ??p???? e???????? p??e?? t?? ???????? ?p?? ?a? ap?????? t?? st? S??e??a. ?? µ??e? a?t?? e??a? ??: F????????S, ???????S, ??????????S, ???????S, ?O???????S, ???????S, ??????S??S, ??????S, G???????S, ?G??????S, ??????S, ????????S.
«????? s?µe?a ?p???t??µe ?t? ? ???a??sµ?? (100 p.?.) p?????e ap? t?? a?at????? ?es??e??, t? ??d?», ??e? ? ?a????t?? ??e???te? ??????? (Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, USA), ??a? ap? t??? sp??da???? e?e???t?? t?? ???a??sµ?? t?? ??t????????. «?µ?? a?t? ta ???µata µ???? e??a? ???????a??? t?p?? ?a? de?????? p??? t?? ???? p?e??? t?? a??a??? e???????? ??sµ??. ??a? p??a??? t?p?? p????e?s?? t?? e??a? ?? S??a???se? ? t? ?a???µ????? (?a??µ??a). ?e t? d?ap?st?s? a?t?, ?s?? ? ??sµ?? ???e? ?a ß?e? s??se?? µe t?? ????µ?d? p?? p??a?e st?? S??a???se? t? 212 p.?. Ost?s?, ? ?d??? ? ???a??sµ?? ?atas?e??st??e p????? de?aet?e? a???te?a ?a? t? µ??? p?? µp????µe ?a p??µe e??a? ?t? p??a??? ?p???e? µ?a s??s? µe pa??d?s? ?atas?e??? t?t???? ???????, p?? e?de??µ???? ?e????se µe t?? ????µ?d?», p??s??te?.
?a ?a???????a ap?te??sµata t?? ??e??a? t?? ???a??sµ?? ß??p??? s?µe?a t? f?? t?? d?µ?s??t?ta? st? d?e????? f?µ?? e?e???t??? pe???d??? «Nature» µe t?t?? «?µe??????a µe de??t? ???µp??da? ?a? p?????s? e??e??e?? st?? ???a??sµ? t?? ??t????????». ??? ep?st?µ????? a?a?????s? s???p????f??? ??: ???? F???, ??e???te? ???????, ???? ?. St?? ?a? G?????? ?p?ts????.
St? ????? a?t? e?e????? t?? p?s? p?e??? t?? ???a??sµ??. ? eµp??? ??e? ?d? µe?et??e? ?a? ??e? d?ap?st??e? ?t? ?p???e? ??a ???a?? e?????a???pt?a?? ?µe???????, ? ??d?a??? ?????? ?a? d?? sfa???d?a (t? ??a p??a??? ???s?) p?? de?????? t? ??a t?? ????s? t?? ????? ?a? t? ???? t?? f?se?? t?? Se?????.
??s? s??µat????ta? d?? spe??e?. ? µ?a µe 235 ?p?d?a???se?? ?a? ? ???? µe 223. ? p??t? de???e? t?? ?p?d?a???se?? t?? ?et?????? ?µe???????? ?a? ? de?te?? t?? p?????se?? e??e??e?? ????? ?a? Se????? (s?st?µa ???st? ?a? st??? ?aß????????).
?? 235 µ??e? t?? ?et?????? ?µe???????? ?s?d??aµ??? µe 19 ?t?. ?a ?t? e??a? a???µ?µ??a ap? 1 ??? 19 ?a? ???e µ??a? e??a? ?µ??a ?ata?eµ?µ???? p??? st?? ?????, ?ts? ?ste ???e ?????? ?a ?e????e? µe t? ?a???????? fe????? ?a? ?a a??????e? t? ????st?s?? ?a? t?? ?s?µe??a. Se ??a ?et????? ????? 110 ap? t??? 235 µ??e? p??pe? ?a ????? 29 µ??e?. ? d?a??et?t?t? t??? µe t? 5 e???e? t?? 5 st??f?? t?? spe??a?. ? a???µ?? st? es?te???? t?? 29µe??? a?t??a? pa???s?????? p??a µ??a ??e? pa?a??f?e?.
????? ß?e? ?a? t??? 12 µ??e? ?p?? ?a? t?? a???ß? d?ad??? t???. ?pe?ta ??a?a? ?a ß???? p??e? p??e?? µp??e? ?a ????? a?t? t? d?ad???. ?at????a? st? s?µp??asµa ?t? ?? µ??e? t?? ???a??sµ?? a?????? se µ?a ap? t?? d?????? ???????e?e? ?µe???????? ?a? µ???????ta? p???? ????? st???e?a µe ??????a??, ?pe???t??? ?µe??????a, t?? ß??e??d?t???? ????da? ?a? t?? ??????a?.
??sa st? spe??a a?t? ß?????e ?a? ? ???µp?a??? ?????? ????sµ???? se 4 t?µe?? p?? a????????? t?? a?t??et? f??? t?? ????????. ???e t?µ?a? t?? ?????? ?de???e t? ?????? ?a? d?? pa?e???????? a???e?. ??t? s?µa??e? ?t? ?? ???µp??de? ?ta? ßas??? ??????????? p?a?s?? ?a? ?? ??????? ?e?????sa? ap? t? µ?s? t?? ?a???a?????. ?a?' ??a a?t? ??a t??? 2ete?? a???e?, ?p?? ?ta? ta ?s?µ?a, ? ?????? ?????e µeta?? f????p???? ?a? t????? ???????, ??at? t?te s?????? p?a?µat?p?????ta? ?? a???e?.
?p?? e??a? fa?e??, ? ???a??sµ?? t?? ??t???????? ??e? a??µ? p???? µ?st??? ?a fa?e??se?. G?' a?t? t? ?????? ???a???????? ???se?? s??pe?e? t? f????p??? ?a t?? f?t?se? pa???s?????t?? t?? se ??a p?????? st?? a????sa t?? ?a????, ?p?? s?µe?a e?t??e?ta? t??a tµ?µat? t??. ?s?? ?a e?te???? ?a? ??p??a a??µ? ap? ta ??a?sµat? t?? (s????ta? 82) p?? ß???e st?? ap????e? t?? µ??se??? ?a? ta?t?se ? a??a??????? ?a??? ?afe???p?????. ???a? p??? s?µa?t??? ??a t?? ??e??a, ?a??? se ??a ap? a?t?, p?? µ????e? µe pet?ad???, ? e??tas? µe a?t??e? ? ap??????e ???µa?e? ?a? ep???af?? ?a? t? ???? «?spa??a».( ??e??e??t?p?a)